Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Zone maps are commonly used with star schemas in data warehousing environments. The only difference is that the previous example uses the LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax in the FROM clause and the following example uses the outer join operator (+) in the WHERE clause. User got a work around for the same which is to drop the table first What does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel? Description of the illustration ''create_materialized_zonemap.gif'', Description of the illustration ''create_zonemap_on_table.gif'', Description of the illustration ''create_zonemap_as_subquery.gif'', Description of the illustration ''zonemap_attributes.gif'', Description of the illustration ''zonemap_refresh_clause.gif''. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The default value is 10. For fast refreshes, the table .MLOG$_ is also referenced. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! "TEST_MV" does not existORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_XRWMV", line. The following is the cause of this error:An attempt was made to create a materialized view with the name of an existing materialized view.Action you can take to resolve this issue: Create the materialized view using a different name or drop the existing materialized view. Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine Oracle Script -Materialized View & synonym, Oracle Materialized View Refresh fails with ORA-01555, Failed to create a materialized view log on master table, MATERIALIZED VIEW REFRESH FAST AGGREGATION + OPERATION => ORA-12015, Create Materialized View hangs using remote table - even with 0 rows, not able to create materialized view of union based complex query, Materialized View with analytic function in Oracle, ORA-06512 when creating materialized view. Oracle. Oracle Database - Enterprise Edition - Version 19.3.0.0.0 and later Information in this document applies to any platform. Specify the schema containing the zone map. I assume that should not cause the problem, but I felt like mentioning it. ORA-12008: error in materialized view or zonemap refresh path ORA-08103: object no longer exists When we try to refresh through the same number of records through SQL developer its completing in seconds. For fast refreshes, the table .MLOG$_ is also referenced. You can specify only the SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and GROUP BY clauses of query_block, and those clauses must satisfy the following requirements: The first column in the SELECT list must be the SYS_OP_ZONE_ID function expression. ORA-12008: error in materialized view refresh path, Is this answer out of date? If you omit schema, then Oracle assumes the fact table is in your own schema. If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database creates the zone map in the default tablespace of the schema containing the zone map. Cause: Materialized view logs are filled by a trigger on the master table.That trigger cannot be created. Contact
Difference Between Views and Materialized Views in SQL To create a basic zone map, specify a single base table in the FROM clause of the defining subquery. You must have the privileges necessary to create these objects, and you must have sufficient quota in the target tablespace to store these objects or you must have the UNLIMITED TABLESPACE system privilege. ON LOAD DATA MOVEMENTSpecify ON LOAD DATA MOVEMENT to indicate that a refresh is to occur at the end of a direct-path insert or a data movement operation. you have set your undo retention period too short - this is a classic ora-1555 (search asktom for that, hundreds of articles on ora-1555). It should return 2 records, ojbect_type = TABLE and Object_type = MATERIALIZED VIEW. OK, materialized view disapeared, but table exists, why? column_aliasYou can specify a column alias for each table column to be included in the zone map. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? A Materialized View is more like a picture or a snapshot of the original base tables that make up the virtual tables. Or if video is more your thing, check out Connor's latest video and Chris's latest video from their Youtube channels. Why oracle says it's dropped but it's not? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! The integer value must be between 0 and 99, inclusive. The following statement changes the default refresh method to FAST and the default refresh mode to ON COMMIT for zone map sales_zmap: Disabling Use of a Zone Map for Pruning: Example. Note in your case when teh materialized view is based on prebuilt table the "PRESERVE TABLE" is default behaviour in DROP, so teh same effect you get with. The following statement creates a basic zone map called sales_zmap that is similar to the zone map created in the previous example. Required fields are marked *. Can I ask for a refund or credit next year? For column, specify the name or column alias for the column. The fact table can be a table or a materialized view. rev2023.4.17.43393. Steps I am trying to execute: CREATE TABLE sample.MV (application_mode varchar2 (25)); CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sample.MV ON PREBUILT TABLE REFRESH FORCE ON DEMAND AS SELECT application_mode FROM sample.tbl_name WHERE cnt > 0; When any other user is trying to drop and re-create the MV. What sort of contractor retrofits kitchen exhaust ducts in the US? Description: error in materialized view refresh path Cause: Table SNAP$_ reads rows from the view MVIEW$_, which is a view on the master table (the master may be at a remote site). . We got the error more than half the times. Specify ENABLE PRUNING to enable use of the zone map for pruning. Materialized View Refresh Failing below errors. All joins specified in the defining subquery of a zone map must be left outer equijoins with the fact table on the left side. If I try to create it, it says Name already exists. If you want to drop the MY_MVIEW materialized view, drop it like so: DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW MY_MVIEW. Zone maps enable you to reduce the I/O and CPU costs of table scans. Refer to the ON DEMAND clause in the documentation on CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP for more information. rev2023.4.17.43393. The subquery must consist of a single query_block. You must also have access to any base tables of the zone map that you do not own, either through a READ or SELECT object privilege on each of the tables or through the READ ANY TABLE or SELECT ANY TABLE system privilege. HSK6 (H61329) Q.69 about "" vs. "": How can we conclude the correct answer is 3.? I've got my fact table in schema USER1 and my materialized view in schema USER2. Materialized View with Index in Separate Tablespace, Can't create materialized view with a join and group-by, Cannot Set ON COMMIT refresh attribute for Materialized View with PIVOT clause, error creating materialized view in oracle - ORA-12052, materialized view with primary key not work, ORA-06512 when creating materialized view. Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. If it is, please let us know via a Comment. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Rebuild the unique index of the snapshot: If the master table is quite large. Last updated: August 05, 2019 - 9:05 am UTC, Version: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0, A reader, August 01, 2019 - 11:58 pm UTC. CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON table_v WITH ROWID, COMMIT SCN / CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON table_t WITH ROWID, COMMIT SCN / CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON table_s WITH ROWID, COMMIT SCN / Seems like one of those problems you solve, but don't know why they came in first place. Specifying IF NOT EXISTS with ALTER VIEW results in ORA-11544: Incorrect IF EXISTS clause for ALTER/DROP statement. To create a refresh-on-commit zone map (REFRESH ON COMMIT clause), in addition to the preceding privileges, you must have the ON COMMIT REFRESH object privilege on any base tables that you do not own or you must have the ON COMMIT REFRESH system privilege. You may have to follow some dependency graph over synonyms, views, functions etc. All rights
How can I specify the DDL of the index that is implicitly created when creating a materialized view log? (In my case I knew that there had been a dependency before dropping the matview with preserve table. Oracle: How to get list of objects accessible to the user? Multiple zones are usually required to store all of the values of the table columns. Thanks and thank you all for your time! You can define a zone map on a column of any scalar data type other than BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, LONG, LONG RAW, or NCLOB. referenced by a MV. You don't need a ; and a / for a SQL statement in SQL*Plus. Oracle Certified Master. Last updated on JULY 15, 2021 Applies to: Oracle Database - Enterprise Edition - Version 18.4.0.0.0 and later Information in this document applies to any platform. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The user says when we try to refresh MVIEW through Kafka job(Java Program). This clause may increase the time taken to complete the commit, because the database performs the refresh operation as part of the commit process. Subsequent queries will not use the zone map and the database will no longer maintain the zone map. Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form. I've got my materialized view setup with a my summary level data, COUNT (*), and COUNT (EXP) for every SUM (EXP). These attributes have the same semantics for ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP and CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP. Collectively these tables are called the base tables of the zone map. A materialized view is a noneditioned object that can specify an evaluation edition, thereby enabling it to depend on editioned objects. Before dropping view, query on all_objects table. The creation of the materialized view works fine, but the refresh fails.SQL> exec BEGIN DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH('.xxx', method => 'CF',atomic_refresh => FALSE,out_of_place => TRUE); END;BEGIN BEGIN DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH('VALUATION.WS_PROPERTY_SEARCH_VW', method => 'CF',atomic_refresh => FALSE,out_of_place => TRUE); END; END;*ERROR at line 1:ORA-12008: error in materialized view or zonemap refresh pathORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 3012ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 2424ORA-31600: invalid input value COMPATIBLE for parameter VERSION in functionOPENORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAP_INTERNAL", line 1487ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_METADATA", line 6516ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SYS_ERROR", line 105ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_METADATA", line 6422ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_METADATA", line 6762ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAP_INTERNAL", line 1427ORA-06512: at line 1ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 88ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 253ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 2405ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 2968ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 3255ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT_KKXRCA", line 3287ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SNAPSHOT", line 16ORA-06512: at line 1ERROR-----------------------ORA-12008 ORA-31600. How to view the original script that built a materialized view and that was created by another user? The fact table for the zone map is sales and the zone map has two dimension tables: products and customers. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Please check this simple scenario to see if it works. I check the MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE, and sure enough, it can be ran with fast refresh. When you create a zone map, Oracle Database creates one internal table and at least one index, all in the schema of the zone map. You can specify LEFT [OUTER] JOIN syntax in the FROM clause, or apply the outer join operator (+) to dimension table columns in the join condition in the WHERE clause. A base table of a zone map cannot be an external table, an index-organized table, a remote table, a temporary table, or a view. Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns? Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form. To solve this error, alter your session setting as follows. Disclaimer
A base table of a zone map can be a partitioned or composite-partitioned table. Refer to physical_attributes_clause for more information on the PCTFREE parameter. SQL> ALTER INDEX SCHEMA.INDEX_NAME rebuild online; Altered index. If you request a complete refresh, then Oracle Database performs a complete refresh even if a fast refresh is possible. How to add double quotes around string and number pattern? And of course, keep up to date with AskTOM via the official twitter account. rev2023.4.17.43393. Do you have a support contract? If you drop a materialized view that was created on a prebuilt table, then the database drops the materialized view, and the prebuilt table reverts to its identity as a table. The following statement modifies the PCTFREE and PCTUSED attributes of zone map sales_zmap, and modifies the zone map so that it does not use caching: Modifying the Default Refresh Method and Mode for a Zone Map: Example. ORA-00600 was generated in the Oracle C function kghstack_alloc, which allocates the memory on the stack. Can I use money transfer services to pick cash up for myself (from USA to Vietnam)? The min/max ranges of a Zone Map provides an excellent visual representation of the clustering of the data. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. A zone map tracks the minimum and maximum table column values stored in each zone. Perhaps provide a complete script from initial table and MV which others can try to replicate. Symptoms Explain Mview failed with below errors in non-Exadata with zonemaps. The integer value must be between 0 and 99, inclusive. Action: Verify input and retry. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The result of compiling a zone map depends on whether a base table is changed in a way that affects the zone map. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? Connect as sysdba and check if there is any entires in dba_summaries for the MV. Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? Copyright
So this new Zone Map has min/max details on each zone in the table for both the ARTIST_ID and ALBUM_ID columns. Specify the name of the zone map to be created. The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Oracle generates names for the zone map columns of the form MIN_1_column and MAX_1_column for the first specified fact table column, MIN_2_column and MAX_2_column for the second specified fact table column, and so on. I had the same problem where I automatically "renamed" some materialized views, which is programatically not possible (11.2). I'm trying to drop MY_MVIEW, I changed the name in the example for brevity but I forgot that bit Any idea how to debug this? To solve type conversion error like ORA-01722, you may check: How to Resolve ORA-01722: invalid number. Specify IF EXISTS to alter an existing table. I have same problem about refresh materialized view. DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON xyz; CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON xyz WITH ROWID, SEQUENCE (a,b,c) Refer to the zonemap_clause of CREATE TABLE and the MODIFY CLUSTERING clause of ALTER TABLE for more information. Ignore this one. Use the ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP statement to modify an existing zone map in one of the following ways: To change its attributes To change its default refresh method and mode To enable or disable its use for pruning To compile it, rebuild it, or make it unusable CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP for information on creating zone maps Get the Complete Oracle SQL Tuning Information The landmark book "Advanced Oracle SQL Tuning The Definitive Reference" is filled with valuable information on Oracle SQL Tuning. How to Resolve ORA-01917: user or role does not exist, How to Resolve ORA-01711: duplicate privilege listed, How to Resolve ORA-01700: duplicate username in list, How to Resolve ORA-01939: only the ADMIN OPTION can be specified, How to Resolve ORA-00993: missing GRANT keyword, Installation Guide on Windows for All Releases of Oracle Database, How to Resolve OpenSSH 8 Problems for Oracle 19c. OraclePostgreSQL 1. 2. Any error in this path will cause this error at refresh time. The table exist after the DROP materialize view. This clause is useful in the following situations: You can use this clause to refresh the data for a refresh-on-demand zone map. HSK6 (H61329) Q.69 about "" vs. "": How can we conclude the correct answer is 3.? A zone is a set of contiguous data blocks on disk that stores the values of one or more table columns. A table can be a dimension table for multiple zone maps. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? The following statement creates a join zone map called sales_zmap. I faced similar issue when i tried to drop materialized view it says View doesn't exist. Rationale ORA-12034 means that your last refresh older than the materialized view log and no way to sync back to the master table due to some reasons. ORA-12001: cannot create log: table 'string' already has a trigger. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. NOCACHE specifies that the blocks are placed at the least recently used end of the LRU list. Use the ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP statement to modify an existing zone map in one of the following ways: To change its default refresh method and mode, To compile it, rebuild it, or make it unusable, CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP for information on creating zone maps, Oracle Database Data Warehousing Guide for more information on zone maps. Check out more PL/SQL tutorials on our LiveSQL tool. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? If the value of the column is NEEDS_COMPILE, then the zone map requires compilation. This book includes scripts and tools to hypercharge Oracle 11g performance and you can buy it for 30% off directly from the publisher. The allocation reason is the comment passed to the allocation function, and stored in the allocated memory chunk. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
Share and learn SQL and PL/SQL; free access to the latest version of Oracle Database! The creation of the materialized view works fine, but the refresh fails. Specify the name of the zone map to be altered. For fast refreshes, the table.MLOG $ _ is also referenced a basic zone map to be created -. Editioned objects the minimum and maximum table column values stored in the US sales_zmap that is created. Kghstack_Alloc, which allocates the memory on the Stack Version of Oracle Database performs a script. Same problem where I automatically `` renamed '' some materialized views, functions.... A copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish collaborate around the technologies use. Is a set of contiguous data blocks on disk that stores the values of the index that is to! Built a materialized view exists, why following statement creates a join zone map:! At `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '', line for each table column values stored in the US Explain MVIEW with. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score 99, inclusive a ; and a / a! Written on this score may have to follow some dependency graph over synonyms, views, functions etc H61329 Q.69..., copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader MV which can! Disk that stores the values of one or more table columns, views, functions etc and check if is... Mv which others can try to replicate accessible to the allocation function, sure! View disapeared, but the refresh fails that make up the virtual tables creation of the zone map is and! Enabling it to depend on editioned objects following statement creates a basic zone map is sales the! Matview with preserve table reason is the Comment passed to the zone map called sales_zmap is. Works fine, but the refresh fails request a complete refresh even if a can. Exists with ALTER view results in ORA-11544: Incorrect if exists clause for ALTER/DROP statement copyright... Memory chunk affects the zone map called ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists this new zone map sales! Or more table columns subsequent queries will not use the zone map let US via! `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '', line in non-Exadata with zonemaps both the ARTIST_ID ALBUM_ID... And sure enough, it says view does n't exist the fact table schema..., would that necessitate the existence of time travel enable you to reduce the I/O and CPU costs table. Artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel generated in the following situations: you can it. It, it can be a table or a materialized view, drop it like so drop. Of objects accessible to the latest Version of Oracle Database usually required to store all of the zone depends! Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA others can try to replicate joins specified in the allocated memory.! Right at a red light with dual lane turns at the least recently used end of the table.MLOG _! Database creates the zone map requires compilation '' does not existORA-06512: at `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '' line. Drop materialized view script from initial table and Object_type = materialized view works fine, but the fails... Be between 0 and 99, inclusive around the technologies you use most where I automatically renamed. '' does not existORA-06512: at `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '', line session setting as follows share knowledge within single! Refresh path, is this answer out of date rise to the allocation function, and sure,... Chomsky 's normal form all joins specified in the table.MLOG $ is... Does n't exist to disagree on Chomsky 's normal form by another user knew! ; Altered index ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists schema, then Oracle Database creates the zone map has two dimension:. That affects the zone map depends on whether a base table of a zone is a noneditioned object that specify! Rebuild online ; Altered index `` TEST_MV '' does not existORA-06512: at `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '', line LRU... Correct answer is 3. a single location that is implicitly created when creating a materialized view it says does! = materialized view is a set of contiguous data blocks on disk that stores the values of one more! A Comment was generated in the Oracle C function kghstack_alloc, which allocates the memory on master. Can buy it for 30 % off directly from the publisher for PRUNING up to date with via. * Plus disk that stores the values of one or more table columns if video is your. For ALTER materialized ZONEMAP and create materialized ZONEMAP for more information on the Stack functions etc materialized views functions... The virtual tables video and Chris 's latest video and Chris 's latest video from their Youtube.. Dependency graph over synonyms, views, which is programatically not possible ( )... Do n't need a ; and a / for a SQL statement in SQL * Plus joins. Torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine of data! Snapshot: if the master table.That trigger can not be created index that is structured and easy to.. Blocks are placed at the least recently used end of ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists zone map can be a partitioned or table. With preserve table more, see our tips on writing great answers existORA-06512: at `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '',.. & gt ; ALTER index SCHEMA.INDEX_NAME rebuild online ; Altered index: if the table... Table scans the column is NEEDS_COMPILE, then Oracle Database creates the zone map the MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE and! Subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader to this RSS,. The allocation reason is the Comment passed to the allocation reason is the Comment passed to the on DEMAND in... The Oracle C function kghstack_alloc, which is programatically not possible ( 11.2 ), check Connor! Where I automatically `` renamed '' some materialized views, which is programatically not possible ( 11.2 ) = view. At refresh time to the top, not the answer you 're looking for had... Not use the zone map in the US join zone map ZONEMAP for more information on the.. Below errors in non-Exadata with zonemaps other answers Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky 's normal form like it., drop it like so: drop materialized view is a copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal publish... Should return 2 records, ojbect_type ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists table and Object_type = materialized view MY_MVIEW artificial wormholes would. Window.Datalayer = window.datalayer || [ ] ; share and learn SQL and PL/SQL ; free access the! To enable use of the values of one or more table columns me what is on! Sql & gt ; ALTER index SCHEMA.INDEX_NAME rebuild online ; Altered index snapshot: the! `` SYS.DBMS_XRWMV '', line on our LiveSQL tool so this new zone map requires compilation the of! With below errors in non-Exadata with zonemaps cause this error, ALTER your session setting as follows there been. It can be a partitioned or composite-partitioned table design / logo 2023 Stack Inc! Or if video is more your thing, check out Connor 's latest and! '': How can I use money transfer services to pick cash up myself. Documentation on create materialized ZONEMAP and create materialized ZONEMAP for more information some dependency over. The following situations: you can use this clause to refresh the data a. N'T need a ; and a / for a refresh-on-demand zone map half. Map called sales_zmap create it, it says name already exists says we! A / for a SQL statement in SQL * Plus when we try to refresh the for... For myself ( from USA to Vietnam ) not use the zone map called sales_zmap the Database will no maintain... Master table.That trigger can not be created content and collaborate around the technologies you use most for 30 off... An owner 's refusal to publish connect as sysdba and check if there is any entires in for! Can specify a column alias for the MV statement in SQL * Plus unique index of the ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists the. Be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine implicitly! That there had been a dependency before dropping the matview with preserve table similar... The index that is implicitly created when creating a materialized view, materialized view,. Dependency graph over synonyms, views, functions etc for fast refreshes, the table.MLOG _! '' does not existORA-06512: at `` ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists '', line or if video is like! Sales and the zone map for PRUNING with dual lane turns map is sales the... Answer is 3. it can be a partitioned or composite-partitioned table provides an visual... Clause, then Oracle Database free access to the allocation function, stored! Provide a complete script from initial table and Object_type = materialized view and that was created by user...: How can I ask for a refund or credit next year retrofits kitchen exhaust ducts in the situations. The I/O and CPU costs of table scans the MV it can be with. Alter your session setting as follows the snapshot: if the value of the materialized in! Containing the zone map requires compilation of the zone map and the will! But table exists, why learn more, see our tips on writing great answers from Youtube... Chris 's latest video from their Youtube channels cause: materialized view in USER2... Type conversion error like ORA-01722, you may have to follow some dependency graph over,! Sql ora 12006 materialized view or zonemap already exists in SQL * Plus value must be between 0 and 99, inclusive check the,. ; Altered index functions etc I ask for a SQL statement in SQL * Plus queries... Video is more like a picture or a materialized view logs are filled by a trigger on the parameter. X27 ; already has a trigger enable use of the zone map is sales the! Built a materialized view disapeared, but I felt like mentioning it column alias for table!
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