https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:66fed386-fd0b-485e-aa23-b8a5e7533435/Position_paper_climate_2018.pdf, Worldsteel Association. Carbonization characteristics of biomass/coking coal blends for the application of bio-coke. The zero-carbon electricity assumption is for simplicity to avoid discussion of various renewable LCA results and demonstrate its maximum decarbonization potential. Https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Iron%20and%20Steel%202%20Secured%20presentations/2_1330%20Jan%20van%20der%20Stel.pdf. The reducing gas used for DRI production is syngas, produced from either coal gasification or SMR. World crude steel production exceeded 1808 million tons in 2018 with a 4.5% growth compared to the 2017 level [(Worldsteel Association, 2019]]. box-sizing: border-box; 2016 Billion ton report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy.
This is particularly straightforward for infrastructure and military procurement. Effect of hydrogen addition on reduction behavior of iron oxides in gas-injection blast furnace. Bataille, C., hman, M., Neuhof, N., Nilsson, L. J., Fischedick, M., Lechtenbhmer, S., Solano-Rodriquez, B., Denis-Ryan, A., Stiebert, S., Waisman, H., Sartor, O., & Rahbar, S. (2020). #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters label { z-index: 1; Each of the decarbonization technology, separately and in combination, has potential limits (see figure 12 blue bars) based on production chemical or operations. The novel technology options are not yet available at commercial scale but remain interesting considering options to achieve zero-carbon primary steel production in the long-term. (2011). Although industrial sector is one of the well-known hard-to-abate sectors to decarbonize, electrification is commonly presented as a decarbonization option. According to Midrex [(Midrex H2, 2020)], DRI systems have the potential to accept mixtures with different CO + H2 concentrations: up to 30% of NG can be substituted by H2 without changing the process and 100% replacement will be possible with minor retrofit (provided an economic supply of hydrogen). opacity: 1; #block-views-event-search2-block .view-footer, #block-views-exp-event-search2-block-1 .view-footer { Sustainable Energy Fuels, 4, 29672986. (2020). Studies by Helle et al., [(Helle et al., 2016)] and Wiklund et al. The model also includes the LCA result of bio-charcoal production for its global warming potential (GWP) and additional land use change (LUC) for biomass production. This report, part of the energy systems modeling program at Columbia Universitys Center on Global Energy Policy, aims to assess the alignment between updated NDCs and current net-zero pledges for policy makers and industry leaders to gain insight into their own national and corporate decarbonization outlooks. This means that a range of policies should be considered to accomplish deep decarbonization from steel production at existing sites. float: right; First in fossil-free steel.
If the cost is represented by a range of values, it represents the lowest/highest range of costs. Torrefaction (figure 7) is heating biomass to 250-300 C in absence of oxygen, which enhances biomass properties (e.g., energy density and strength) and makes torrified wood, or bio-coal [(Ribeiro et al., 2018)][ (Mayhead et al., n.d.)] with properties similar to fossil coal and can replace coking coal. Analysis reveals that a BECCS retrofit could reduce an existing facility~80% but still could not achieve a carbon-negative (CO2 removal) footprint. Compared to many biomass scenarios, blue H2 is substantially better in both carbon footprint and cost. Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA Seo, M. W., Jeong, H. M., Lee, W. J., Yoon, S. J., Ra, H. W., Kim, Y. K., Lee, D., Han, S. W., Kim, S. D., Lee, J. G., & Jeong, S. M. (2020). The clean hydrogen future has already begun. An integrated BF-BOF production plant also include process plants for coking, pelletizing, sinter, finishing, and associated power production. Today, EAF is the dominant approach for steel recycling (i.e., secondary steel production) and also contributes to primary steel production by upgrading or refining DRI sponge iron. Using H2 (which can be green H2 that produced from zero-C electricity) and zero-C electricity for BF-BOF can abate up to 28.8% of the carbon emission. display: flex; background-size: cover; CGEP, SIPA, Columbia University. Emissions Gap Report 2019. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019. This means hydrogen fuel substituion is a pathway to BF-BOF decarbonization and would require very large volumes of hydrogen production world-wide if deployed in large scale. In the proposed process, the near 100% oxygen blast replaces traditional hot blast, which produces top-gas enriched in CO2 for more efficient capture. Energy survey of the coal based sponge iron industry. In BioenergyRealizing the Potential. margin-right: 60px; [(Suopajrvi, 2015)], Zero-carbon electricity power supply under current production profile, Deep electrification using DRI+EAF for BF-BOF replacement. padding-top: 10px; The current DRI-EAF route using natural gas has only 62% the carbon footprint as a traditional integrated BF-BOF route [(European commission, 2018)]. In Brazil [(Fujihara et al., 2005)], small blast furnaces have completely substituted bio-charcoal for coke and coal. } Power Quality Measurement and Analysis in Electric Arc Furnace for Turkish Electricity Transmission System. Wiklund, C.-M., Pettersson, F., & Saxn, H. (2013). Currently, the difficulty and high cost of decarbonizing BF-BOF production suggests this pathway has locked-in emission, i.e., emission will persist for decades without attempts to mitigate it. Finding 1: Multiple approaches exist today to decarbonize existing iron & steel production. Boston Metal. width: calc(100% - 52px); In contrast, the European Union receives 70% of its current bio-charcoal from Africa [(TFT Research, 2015)], which has heightened existing concerns about deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and eco-colonialism. The analysis result of steelmaking and fossil fuels carbon footprint represents the actual onsite carbon emission. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1050727, Hasanbeigi, A., & Springer, C. (2019). } else { LCA Of Biochar- How Feedstocks And Production Systems Stack Up. As a feedstock, EAF can take any fraction of sponge iron (zero to 100%). Gas-based DRI has an additional CCS-related decarbonization path using blue hydrogen, in which the CO2 capture occurs prior to use in the DRI reactor. #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column .group-right { background-color: transparent; In this framework, biomass resources may be best used to decarbonize steel instead of power sector (where more options and economic alternatives exist), requiring a policy preference for that market applications. CCS retrofit for DRI system is similar to BF retrofit: high CO2 concentration leads to more efficient CO2 capture. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .group-right { } margin-top: 8px; However, given that current steel production remains dominantly BF-BOF for primary steel production (71%) with EAF mostly the secondary steel production (24%), applying zero-carbon electricity globally could only decarbonize global steel production a maximum of 13.3% (table 2). (2018). http://www.compareyourcountry.org/climate-policies?cr=oecd&lg=en&page=2, CSLForum. Two of the main reduction reactions in the kiln: Fe2O3 + CO and FeO + CO, are still the main sources of CO2. The zero-carbon hydrogen production methods have different costs, which affect DRI plant economics. While GWP is typically used as single-number metric, the actual greenhouse gas effect is harder to be quantified [(Kleinberg, 2020)]. Energy Procedia, 4, Pages 1981-1988. Avoidance cost per ton CO2 is estimated at $45~$71/ton-CO2. { float: right; /*-->
DRI converts raw iron ore to sponge iron, a porous, permeable, and highly reactive product that requires treatment with EAF before selling to market. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(2n) { A core challenge in the energy transition and deep decarbonization is the growing demand for primary energy services. This study covers the integrated route carbon emission and energy consumption, where assumptions are listed in table 1. If zero-carbon electricity supply operates the system, the integrated process reduction should abate ~57% CO2 emission. DRI is as pure as pig iron and is an ideal feedstock to EAF efficiency gains. In contrast, green hydrogen today is extremely costly in most markets, while blue hydrogen should be seriously considered more broadly. *[ (Midrex, 2019)], from 2018 data, the conversion rate of DRI to crude steel is assumed 90%. margin-bottom: 6em; MOE steelmaking is a continuous hot-operation process and requires constant power supply, ideally at low cost and high reliability. Bain, P., & Wilcox, J. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. A globally traded commodity, iron and steel production has tripled production since 2000, with 2018 seeing $2.5 trillion in sales [(Worldsteel Association, 2019)]. Decarbonise Industry. padding: 0; With this approach, each 1 ton CO2 emission reduction requires 95 kg of H2 so the cost of zero-carbon H2 determines the associated cost increase of low-carbon steel production (HM). opacity: 1; Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Replacing all BF-BOF steel production (1279 million tons/y) with MOE would require 5,116 TWh electricity consumption, almost 20% of 2018 total global electricity consumption (26,700 TWh) [(IEA electricity, 2020)]. Two significant limitations remain. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .view-mode-teaser, #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column { } Vogl, V., Ahman, M., & Nilsson, L. (2018). Progress and Future of Breakthrough Low-carbon Steelmaking Technology (ULCOS) of EU. position: relative; The Circular EconomyA Powerful Force for Climate Mitigation. The off-gas from the process consists of CO2 and H2O, which is the source of capture for CCS facility. } Babich, A., Senk, D., & Fernandez, M. (2010). Bhandari, R., Trudewind, C. A., & Zapp, P. (2014). } clear: left; High-resolution assessment of global technical and economic hydropower potential. Other studies have calculated that if the biomass used were to be carbon neutral, the biomass could reduce net CO2 emissions by up to 58% through the normal BF-BOF route [(Mandova et al., 2018)][ (Mathieson et al., 2011)]. CO2 capture in industries and distributed energy systems: Possibilities and limitations. } 1255 Amsterdam Avenue CO2 emission using integrated route BF-BOF technology [(Orth et al. Studies show that carbon footprint per ton of EAF steel can be as low as 0.23~0.46 ton CO2 depending on iron type (pig iron or scrap), electricity sources and efficiencies. Other feedstocks are not modeled. Green procurement, including authorization to purchase low-carbon steel made by domestic industry at elevated prices. The project stresses the importance of low-cost hydrogen to achieve cost competitive steel production. Steels contribution to a low carbon future and climate resilient societiesWorldsteel position paper. margin-bottom: 3em !important; Preheating of H2 gas is found to be required for DRI injection in literature (see table 3) and therefore included. (2019). EAF-scrap is secondary steelmaking (e.g., recycled steel making) and scrap steel supply sets practical limits to its scaling potential. float: right; width: 35px; In contrast, studies of. This would require enormous new supplies of zero-carbon power generation. } visibility: visible; #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-body-value-wrapper .advanced-filters label:before { (2020). Hydrogen uses in ironmaking. Blue hydrogen upstream methane emission, LCA correction multiplier of baseline blue H2 assumption (1.3 kg CO2-eq/kg-H2). Quader, A., Ahmed, S., Dawal, S. Z., & Nukman, Y. #block-views-exp-event-search2-block .views-submit-button, #block-views-exp-event-search2-block-1 .views-submit-button { Nonetheless, global emissions have risen more or less continuously for the past 25 years and have increased each of the last three years [(UNEP,2019]]. background: url(/sites/default/files/podcast-images/Final-Columbia-Energy-Exchange-Cover-Art-01.png) no-repeat center center; Biomass feedstocks for hydrogen production can result in very different hydrogen LCA. Unsurprisingly, existing BF have operational requirements and designs that limit higher H2 substitution and full H2 operation [(Lyu et al., 2017)]. Yan, J. Table 12 further discussed how much electricity flux is required for such replacement transition to happen. Second, batch operation yields intermittent and discontinuous duty cycles causing power quality problems for transmission and generation [(Seker et al., 2017)]. But if if considering GWP at 20 years basis (GWP20), the LCA including upstream methane leakage emission will be 4.1~6.1 times of original 89% CCS SMR blue H2, equivalent to 44%~65.4% of SMR direct emission. transition: all .2s ease; min-height: 35px; Biomass, especially solid biofuels, provides a promising option for both low-C heat and possible low-C coking feedstock for use in primary production. In: Global Warming of 1.5C. Environments, 5(2), 24. Table A.4 shows that if considering GWP at 100 years basis (GWP100), the LCA including upstream methane leakage emission will be 2~2.7 times of original 89% CCS SMR blue H2 production, making its LCA relatively the same with green H2. The amine-based/piperazine solvent system (MDEA/Pz) modeled to capture CO2 from BF top-gas could reduce 47% emission for an integrated steel mill using OBF process. } Table A.4. Sweden and SSAB have already made this choice, enabled by low-cost, low carbon, firm electric power from large hydro and nuclear [(SSAB, 2020)]. https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/1260. This paper reviews current global iron and steel production and assesses available decarbonization technologies, including hydrogen injection, solid biomass substitution, zero-carbon electricity substitution, carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofit and combinations of these decarbonization approaches. Added carbon abatement potential with biomass and CCS retrofit, and zero-C electricity, Biomass abatement potential (%) self reference, CCS retrofit abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined Biomass + CCS abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined Biomass + CCS abatement potential (%) BF-BOF reference, Zero-C electricity (ZCe) abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined Biomass + CCS+ ZCe abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined Biomass + CCS+ ZCe abatement potential (%) BF-BOF reference. width: 100%; #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-body-value-wrapper { Moreover, operating assets have long capital lives and are expected to operate for many decades, limiting the rate and range of options to substitute for existing facilities and thereby reduce emissions [(Friedmann, 2019)]. Using HYBRIT Technology. //-->. However, blue H2 (fossil fuel + CCS H2 production) and green H2 supply (renewable electricity + water electrolysis H2 production) show potential and are reasonably mature, with potential for near-term cost decline and production growth [(Hulst, 2019)][ (Dickel, 2020)]. Given the importance of steel production to many economies and nations, including dimensions of national security and labor, priority should be extended to steel production decarbonization. Ironmaking & Steelmaking Processes, Products and Applications, 42(8). No uniform ideal solution exists and different geographies, infrastructure, and economies will determine the local optimum solution with viability and cost. color: #97D8F9; Local costs estimates must assess renewable electricity supply to each iron and steel facilities case by case, and grid-based electricity would require more complicated LCA results. Center on Global Energy Policy. content: "";
University of Wollongong. This is chiefly due to the growing demand of energy and of products that require energy for their production. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .group-left { OECD. Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry. Further increasing H2 concentration in the CO + H2 mixture will gradually transform the exothermic reaction to endothermic, lowering down the temperature and greatly affecting the basic chemistry inside the BF [(Longbottom and Kolbeinsen, 2008)]. Charcoal TFT research February 2015. https://silo.tips/queue/charcoal-tft-research?&queue_id=-1&v=1609406528&u=MTQ0LjM0LjE2OS4yNTM=, Ueki, Y., Nunome, Y., Yoshiie, R., Naruse, I., Nishibata, Y., & Aizawa, S. (2014). background-color: transparent; https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/ironsteel.pdf, EPA. Energy intensity and greenhouse gases footprint of metallurgical processes: A continuous steelmaking case study. Kuramochi, Takeshi, Ramrez, A., Turkenburg, W., & Faaij, A. padding: 0.5em; border-radius: 0; [(engineeringtoolbox, 2020)]. [(Yilmaz et al., 2017)] show that using H2 as an auxiliary reducing gas for BF to partly replace CO derived from either coal or coke can reduce CO2 emission by 21.4%. margin-left: 0; (2018). Johnson, E. (2009). margin-top: 1.6em; Charcoal Behaviour by Its Injection into the Modern Blast Furnace. The future of hydrogen. The lack of technology options to reduce deeply the emission from BF-BOF steelmaking limit even the most aggressive decarbonization technology set, biomass + CCS + zero-carbon electricity (Figure 13). The production data and raw material input data of the plant can be found in the appendix. 27.5 kg/ton production H2 cost to reduce 0.46 ton-CO2/ton-HM, 0.46 ton-CO2/ton production avoided carbon tax.
Alvarez, R. A., Zavala-Araiza, D., Lyon, D. R., & Barkley, Z. R. (2018). Slow or incomplete decarbonization are alternative outcomes from protectionist measures and insufficient focus. opacity: 1; Although the costs of these alternatives are dropping, it is unlikely that they will be cost competitive with unabated fossil systems in the next 10-20 years. Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. // Click Action For Accordions padding-top: 0.5em; .page-node-2034 #main > .wrapper, .page-node-2122 #main > .wrapper { background-color: #3488ca; Combined, these systems could yield 80% or greater CO2 reductions. Chapter 14Cultivated Biomass for the Pig Iron Industry in Brazil. Plans for a US project, the New Steel Intl. Specific integrated decarbonization methods that recover part of the energy input (e.g., quench gas reusing, top gas recycling, waste heat for CCS, or H2 production) are discussed on a case basis. In this study, we consider the economics of hydrogen in DRI production and its GHG emission reduction performance. Since the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace is entirely dependent on the carbon provided mainly by coal and coke, biomass energy is recognized as a potential alternative for its potentially sustainable carbon content and under the right circumstances solid biofuels can substitute readily into conventional feed systems, exhibiting key physical properties (i.e. In some facilities, several of these technologies are compatible and could be applied together (e.g., hydrogen + zero-carbon electricity+bioenergy + CCS retrofit). z-index: 1; The techno-economic comparison shows that capital cost and energy cost dominate the CO2 avoidance cost (over 80%), making the cost per ton CO2 sensitive to both fuel prices and interest rates. width: 52px; */ University of California Berkeley. It is the major steel production method for NAFTA countries (59%), and EU (41%) [(Worldsteel Association, 2019)]. padding: 0; width: 35px; At high (85%) capacity factors, this would require 60 GW of new zero-carbon power generation. Mehmeti, A., Angelis-Dimakis, A., Arampatzis, G., McPhail, S. J., & Ulgiati, S. (2018). HIsarna is a direct bath-smelting reduction technology that combines coal preheating and partial pyrolysis with the smelting reduction vessel working as its core reaction container [(Stel et al., 2013)]. CCUS (2020). Typical BF exhaust gas contains a mix of gases: typically, 17-25% CO2, 20-28% CO, 1-5% H2, and 50-55% N2 [(Kuramochi et al., 2011)]. Lazrds levelized cost of energy analysis version 12.0. https://www.lazard.com/media/450784/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-120-vfinal.pdf, Longbottom, R. J., & Kolbeinsen, L. (2008). The primary reason is the high cost of substitute fuels relative to fossil fuels. display: none; One of the well known hard-to-abate sectors, substantial iron and steel industry decarbonization will increase production cost significantly (>120 $/ton) [(ETC, 2018)]. IEA. } Optimization of a Steel Plant with Multiple Blast Furnaces Under Biomass Injection.
Hydrogen production from natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage A techno-environmental analysis. .view-job-postings .view-content .views-row https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/levelized-cost-carbon-abatement-improved-cost-assessment-methodology-net-zero-emissions-world, Friedmann, J., Fan, Z., & Tang, K. (2019). Hydrogen production can be green (electrolysis) and complement electrification policy developmet, provided adequate zero-carbon power supplies, most likely through addition of generation. Sustainability, 10, 2323. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-media/insights/ccs-a-necessary-technology-for-decarbonising-the-steel-sector/. The other mature production options, EAF and DRI based steelmaking, are intrinsically less carbon intensive. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344026808_Kleinberg_GWP_Climate_Policy_200901, Kuhner, S. (2013). Both EAF steelmaking pathways flow diagram are shown jointly in figure 4. -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; As the most widely commercialized woody biomass process technology, bio-charcoal has carbon content the highest, up to 85%-98% [(Mayhead et al., n.d.)], most chemically suitable for iron making, chemical reduction and replacement of coke. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/archive/2018/, engineeringtoolbox. margin-left: 0; Electricity: high carbon intensity [(Compare your country, 2020)], Weighted electricity carbon emission [(Compare your country, 2020)]. This significant improvement can be achieved at less than 70 $/ton-HM cost increase. The most important conclusion is that existing steel production facilities are inherently challenging and costly to abate. Unfortunately, ideal biomass does not exist, and the LCA cases indicates that nearly half of the potential carbon mitigation is negated by charcoal productions carbon footprint. This project provides a clear example of how other gas-based DRI plants might be decarbonized. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281215Y.0000000001, Hasanbeigi, A., Price, L., Aden, N., Zhang, C., Li, X., & Shangguan, F. (2011). Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): This iron production process directly reduces iron ore in solid-state with the reaction temperature below the melting point of iron. } Sources: cost and carbon footprint assumption see appendix. We assume that biofuels such as charcoal only replace feed-coal and assume 100% replacement rate (table 9). (2018). Arasto, A., Tsupari, E., Krki, J., Sihvonen, M., & Lilja, J. It can allow non-coking coal and low-cost iron ores (outside BF quality range) to produce iron with 20% less carbon footprint [(Quader et al., 2016)]. https://www.midrex.com/technology/midrex-process/midrex-h2/. Bio-coke [(Seo et al., 2020)] used directly to replace coke in BF must have properties similar to conventional coal [(Suopajrvi et al., 2013)]; Supply chain quality: Biomass resources are unevenly distributed, and the global supply chains are not mature and often not well governed. Minerals Engineering, 20(9), 854861. Table 9. Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) Roadmap. Either a combined technology sets or replacement DRI based primary steel production would be needed to increase its decarbonization potential. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .views-widget label:after { padding: 0; Biomass is represented by ranges since the cost assumption is greatly different for: feedstocks, regions, land use and etc. Carbon-neutral biomass, low-C hydrogen, and high-capacity zero-C power all cost more today than current fossil-fueled systems. Blue H2 provides the best current substitution option for natural gas in DRI production, which is reliable, technically available, and relatively low in cost for most markets (see CCS retrofit DRI below). } India (coal feedstock) and Iran (gas feedstock) are the leading countries in producing DRI. In contrast, the higher penetration of intermittent renewables power generation may lead to increased market share and use. display: block; Zero-carbon electricity demand under DRI penetration scenarios. 
Similarly, the DRI carbon footprint will vary if syngas is produced from coal-based process or gas-based process [(Midrex, 2019) and Table 2]. HM carbon intensity from DRI-EAF include both DRI carbon emission and EAF carbon emission (electricity only). Kawakami, A. With a $30/ton-CO2 carbon price, MOE could be cost competitive with $35/MWh electricity [(Boston Metal, 2020)]. Financial viability of biofuel and biochar production from forest biomass in the face of market price volatility and uncertainty. Ho, M. T., Allinson, G. W., & Wiley, D. E. (2011). In 2018, the world generated a record 4,185 TWh from hydropower, which is well suited to the MOE process and relatively cheap. H2 injection abatement potential (%) self reference, Zero-C electricity abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined abatement potential (%) self reference, Combined abatement potential (%) BF-BOF reference. These policies will have implications for labor, trade, security, and climate, requiring care in construction. (2017). transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; In those markets, bio-charcoal could credibly serve a fraction of their steel industries. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters label:after { Biomass quality can be further improved by drying and removing volatiles. Water vapor can be easily separated from BF exhaust gas (unlike N2 and CO). As shown in figure 6, all hydrogen injection technologies can provide a practical carbon reduction which is close to its decarbonization potential limits, since both blue and green H2 has very low LCA results. These include (a) partial or complete substitution of fossil fuels with low carbon hydrogen or biofuels, (b) CCS retrofits, (c) replacement of current electricity supplies with low-C electricity, (d) low-carbon biomass substitution of coke with biocoke or charcoal, and replacement of gas- or coal-based DRI plants with biogas or zero-c hydrogen. 
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