Define recovery objectives for downtime Determine what RTO and RPO are needed for the workload, and what investment in money, time, and effort you are willing to make. (RPO) is defined by the organization. Your applications can reconnect to the endpoint and continue operations without modifications or loss of data. 
Example Corp has multiple applications with varying criticality, and each of their applications have different needs in terms of resiliency, [], In part I of this series, we introduced a disaster recovery (DR) concept that uses managed services through a single AWS Region strategy. Figure 1. All rights reserved. Manage configuration drift at the DR site When Amazon Redshift relocates a cluster to a new AZ, the new cluster has the same endpoint as the original cluster. reduced capacity levels) immediately. You can follow Seth on twitter @setheliot, or on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/setheliot/. This minimizes the disruption to your applications without administrative intervention. or region: Ensure that your infrastructure, data, and All rights reserved. Instead of creating individual Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances, create worker nodes using an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group. This makes it easier to test warm standby because it requires no additional work for the passive endpoint to handle any synthetic test transactions before you send it. loaded with application code and configurations, but are switched off and are only used If infrastructure requires additional operations before accepting live traffic, this can increase recovery time. control application recovery across multiple AWS Regions, Availability Zones, and on databases and object storage are always on. This prevents against human action or technical software type disasters.
We use the following objectives: Figure 1. This is seen in Figure 7, with one Amazon EC2 instance deployed per tier. When the time comes for recovery, the system is scaled up quickly to handle the Every AWS Region consists of multiple Availability Zones (AZs). Before failover, the infrastructure must scale up to meet production needs. objective (RTO) and recovery point objective (RPO). It provides a quick way to light the furnace burners that then provide heat. is used for read-only queries. Warm standby (RPO in seconds, RTO in minutes): Maintain a Now lets learn about [], Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, Understand resiliency patterns and trade-offs to architect efficiently in the cloud, Disaster recovery with AWS managed services, Part 2: Multi-Region/backup and restore, Minimizing Dependencies in a Disaster Recovery Plan, Creating a Multi-Region Application with AWS Services Part 2, Data and Replication, Creating a Multi-Region Application with AWS Services Part 1, Compute, Networking, and Security, Disaster Recovery with AWS Managed Services, Part I: Single Region, Disaster Recovery (DR) for a Third-party Interactive Voice Response on AWS, Implementing Multi-Region Disaster Recovery Using Event-Driven Architecture, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part IV: Multi-site Active/Active, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part III: Pilot Light and Warm Standby. This ensures that the cluster can always run your workload. To select the best strategy, you must analyze benefits and risks with the business owner of a workload, as informed by engineering/IT. In Part I, well discuss the single AWS Region/multi-Availability Zone (AZ) DR strategy. 
Previously, I introduced you to four strategies for disaster recovery (DR) on AWS. This helps them prepare for disaster events, which is one of the biggest challenges they can face. When one Region is subject to a disaster event, failover means that traffic for that Region is routed to the remaining active Region or Regions. Figure 2 shows the four strategies for DR that are highlighted in the DR whitepaper. Previously, I introduced you to four strategies for disaster recovery (DR) on AWS. of recovery are also key factors that help to inform the business value of providing disaster recovery for a workload. has shown that the only error recovery that works is the path you Then, using AWS services, you can design an architecture that achieves the recovery time and recovery point objectives your business needs. The strategy outlined in this blog post addresses how to integrate AWS managed services into a single-Region DR strategy. Data consistency models will vary when choosing in-Region vs. multi-Region. DR to ensure that RTO and RPO are met. You can download the entire template here. Possible conflicts caused by writes to the same record in two different regional replicas Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, natural disasters, technical failures, or human actions, RTO (recovery time objective) and RPO (recovery point objective), Active/passive and active/active DR strategies, Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS), Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC), Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), KPIs indicate whether the workload is performing as intended, Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS), Amazon Route 53 Application Recovery Controller, tells Route 53 to send traffic to the recovery Region instead of the primary Region, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part I: Strategies for Recovery in the Cloud, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part II: Backup and Restore with Rapid Recovery, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part IV: Multi-site Active/Active, Disaster recovery options in the cloud whitepaper. Recovery Point Objective If you dont frequently test this failover, you might Previously, I introduced you to four strategies for disaster recovery (DR) on AWS.
regions. Failover routing will automatically send traffic to the recovery Region if the primary is unhealthy based on health checks you configure. Single Region/multi-AZ with secondary Region for backups. The pilot light and warm standby strategies both offer a good balance of benefits and cost, as shown in Figure 1. strategy to AWS. In part two, we introduce a multi-Region backup and restore approach. configuration are as needed at the DR site or region. Choose a strategy such as: backup and restore, active/passive (pilot light or warm standby), or active/active. This 3-part blog series discusses disaster recovery (DR) strategies that you can implement to ensure your data is safe and that your workload stays available during a disaster. still need to regularly execute that failure in production to For workloads on existing physical or virtual data centers or private clouds, CloudEndure Disaster Recovery, find that your assumptions about the capabilities of the secondary In addition to distributing shards by AZ, Amazon OpenSearch Service distributes them by node. Seth joined Amazon in 2005 where soon after, he helped develop the technology that would become Prime Video. strategy. Figure 8. deployed. These data resources are ready to serve requests. Then we explored the backup and restore strategy. In the example we data store. All rights reserved. Take automatic, incremental snapshots of your data periodically with Amazon Redshift and save them to Amazon S3. They are usually designed to provide a 247 helpline support across multiple domains and use cases. Server liveness metrics (such as a ping) are by themselves insufficient to inform your DR decision. By using the best practices provided in the AWS Well-Architected Reliability Pillar whitepaper to design your DR strategy, your workloads can remain available despite disaster events [], As lead solutions architect for the AWS Well-Architected Reliability pillar, I help customers build resilient workloads on AWS. The following is an excerpt from a CloudFormation template. If you have a complex or critical recovery path, you
Standby. Amazon OpenSearch Service automatically deploys into three AZs when you select a multi-AZ deployment. The primary DB instance is synchronously replicated across AZs to a standby replica. complexity, and decreasing order of RTO and RPO. Workload key performance indicators (KPIs) are among the best metrics you can use to understand workload health. By first understanding business requirements for your workload, you can choose an appropriate DR strategy. Pilot light (RPO in minutes, RTO in hours): Replicate Using CloudFormation parameters and conditional logic, you can create a single template that can create both active stacks (primary Region) or passive stacks (recovery Region). If you are using Amazon Route 53 for DNS, you can set up both your primary Region and recovery Region endpoints under one domain name. convince yourself that the recovery path works. This determines what is considered an acceptable time window when service is unavailable. Figures 2 and 3 show how to implement the pilot light and warm standby strategies, respectively. DR Region refers to an As required for all active/passive strategies, both require a means to route traffic to the primary Region, and then fail over to the recovery Region when recovering from a disaster. Using the AWS CLI or AWS SDK, you can script failover using the highly available API (available redundantly across five different Regions). For more details on AWS services you can use for active-active
This is to ensure high availability of the service and application. Please refer to your browser's Help pages for instructions. Having backups and redundant workload components in place is the start of your DR Instead of using Route 53 and DNS records, you can also use AWS Global Accelerator to implement failover. As Principal Reliability Solutions Architect with AWS Well-Architected, Seth helps guide AWS customers in how they architect and build resilient, scalable systems in the cloud. objectives: A disaster recovery (DR) strategy has been defined to meet objectives.
If you fail over when you dont need to (false alarm), then you incur those losses. These are both active/passive strategies (see the Active/passive and active/active DR strategies section in my previous post). Like the pilot light strategy, the warm standby strategy maintains live data in addition to periodic backups. for restoration of your workload. Also, AWS CloudFormation is a powerful tool for making these updates. Customer traffic is onboarded at the closest of over 200 edge locations and travels over the AWS network to the endpoints you configure. However your data from one region to another and provision a copy of your core workload If such a disaster results in deleted or corrupted data, it then requires use of point-in-time recovery from backup to a last known good state. However, lower RTO and RPO cost more in terms of spend on resources and operational complexity. Although there are ways to work around this, we are focusing on cluster relocation. production load. Dhruv helps guide AWS customers in building their presence on AWS cloud and has more than a decade experience in various engineer roles. With the multi-Region active/passive strategy, your workloads [], In my first blog post of this series, I introduced you to four strategies for disaster recovery (DR). However, the extent of workload infrastructure readiness differs between the two strategies, as detailed in the next section. possibly deploy additional (non-core) infrastructure, and scale up, while Warm Standby Here is how the managed services back up data to a secondary Region: Note: You can add a layer of protection to your backups through AWS Backup Vault Lock and S3 Object Lock. Dhruv enjoys working with diverse stakeholders and adapts quickly to tackle new projects. your workload is healthy. during testing or when Disaster Recovery failover is invoked. might have been sufficient when you last tested, may be no longer
In Figure 6, Amazon Aurora global database replicates data to a local read-only cluster in the recovery Region.
This distribution helps prevent cluster downtime if an AZ experiences a service disruption. A warm standby maintains a minimum deployment that can handle requests, but at a reduced capacityit cannot handle production-level traffic. multiple AWS Regions. In this example to choose between two options we use the !If function to set the DesiredCapacity value. primary region assets. In this blog post, you will learn about two more active/passive strategies that enable your workload to recover from disaster events such as natural disasters, technical failures, or human actions. The DR endpoint can handle requests, but cannot handle production levels of traffic. Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS), Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS), Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Use Fault Isolation to Protect Your Workload, Design your Workload to Withstand Component Failures, Disaster Recovery with AWS Managed Services series, Manage snapshots of persistent volumes for Amazon EKS with, Create a manual snapshot of Amazon OpenSearch Service clusters, which are stored in a registered repository like Amazon S3. This strategy requires you to synchronize data across Regions. Even though data may be replicated between Regions, we still must also back up the data as part of DR. architectures see the AWS Regions section of Use Fault Isolation to Protect Your Workload. A pattern to avoid is developing recovery paths that are rarely
Even using the best practices discussed here, recovery time and recovery point will be greater than zero, incurring some loss of availability and data. In a previous blog post, I showed how quick detection is essential for low RTO, and I shared a serverless architecture to achieve this.
just discussed, you should fail over to the standby regularly, As lead solutions architect for the AWS Well-Architected Reliability pillar, I help customers build resilient workloads on AWS. recovery. This determines what is considered an acceptable loss of data between the last recovery point and the interruption of service. The difference between Pilot Light and Warm Standby can sometimes be difficult In the cloud, you can easily create or delete resources. This will minimize maintenance and operational overhead, create fault-tolerant systems, ensure high availability, and protect your data with robust backup/recovery processes.
Then it requires you to scale out this existing deployment, which gives it a lower RTO time than pilot light. validate the implementation: Regularly test failover to Ultimately, any event that prevents a workload or system from fulfilling its business objectives in its primary location is classified a disaster. Then we explored the backup and restore strategy. this applies to your workload in a locality that currently has only one AWS region, then you Therefore, you must choose RTO and RPO objectives that provide appropriate value for your workload. Now lets learn about [], In a previous blog post, I introduced you to four strategies for disaster recovery (DR) on AWS. What if the very tools that we rely on for failover are themselves impacted by a DR event? He focuses on business enablement and cloud transformation opportunities through the lens of Operational Excellence and preparing customers for cloud readiness. In a Multi-AZ deployment, Amazon RDS automatically provisions and maintains a synchronous standby replica in a different AZ. Use Fault Isolation to Protect Your Workload. Backups are created in the same Region as their source and are also copied to another Region. If A pilot light in a home furnace does not provide heat to the home. function of workload resources and data. AWS offers resources and services to build a DR strategy that meets your business needs. protect you against some types of disaster, but it will not protect you against data fleet. This is an excellent choice for multi-site active/active because a table in any Region can be written to, and the data is propagated to all other Regions, usually within a second. The following command will update the EC2 Auto Scaling group, which currently has no EC2 instances to add three (the value of Web1AutoScaleDesired) EC2 instances. These Deploying your data nodes into three AZs with Amazon OpenSearch Service (formerly Amazon Elasticsearch Service) can improve the availability of your domain and increase your workloads tolerance for AZ failures. Fully automatic failover such as this should be used with caution. Recovery objectives: RTO and RPO. between these based on your RTO and RPO needs. These strategies enable you to prepare for and recover from a disaster. This is because when human action type disasters occur, data can be deleted or corrupted, and replication will replicate the bad data. Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, four strategies for DR that are highlighted in the DR whitepaper, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part II: Backup and Restore with Rapid Recovery, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part III: Pilot Light and Warm Standby, Disaster Recovery (DR) Architecture on AWS, Part IV: Multi-site Active/Active, Disaster recovery options in the cloud whitepaper. manage and coordinate failover using readiness check and routing control features. Pilot Light will require you to turn on servers, If data needs to be restored from backup, this can increase the recovery point (and data loss). This is shown as one Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance per tier in Figure 3. Warm standby can handle traffic at reduced levels immediately. without additional action taken first, while Warm Standby can handle traffic (at With the pilot light strategy, the data is live, but the services are idle. be able to tolerate the load under this scenario. This significantly reduces the risk of a single event impacting more than one AZ. In this post, part 2 of 3, we continue to filter through AWS services to focus on data-centric services with native features to help get your data where it needs to be in support of a multi-Region [], Many AWS services have features to help you build and manage a multi-Region architecture, but identifying those capabilities across 200+ services can be overwhelming. Or to automate the process, you can use the AWS CLI to update the stack, and change the ActiveOrPassive value. to understand. Use defined recovery strategies to meet the recovery test them. In the pilot light strategy, basic infrastructure elements are in place like Elastic Load Balancing and Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling in Figure 6. That way, in the rare event of an AZ disruption, two master nodes will still be available. third-party tools to automate system recovery and route traffic to We're sorry we let you down. All rights reserved. Then choose a routing policy that determines which endpoint receives traffic for that domain name. With this approach, you can deploy a DR solution in multiple Regions, but it will be associated with longer RPO/RTO. Backups are necessary to enable you to get back to the last known good state. reliance will be. The distinction is that Pilot Light cannot process requests Both Availability and Disaster Recovery rely on the same best practices such as As always for DR, data is also backed up in case it needs to be restored to fix accidental deletion or corruption. Your script toggles these switches (the Route 53 health checks) and tells Route 53 to send traffic to the recovery Region instead of the primary Region. For more than two options, the !FindInMap function would also be a good choice. Failover re-directs production traffic from the primary Region (where you have determined the workload can no longer run) to the recovery Region. It can detect drift and trigger But, you can also use these for Multi-AZ strategies or hybrid (on-premises workload/cloud recovery) strategies. Using. This strategy replicates workloads across multiple AZs and continuously backs up your data to another Region with point-in-time recovery, so your application is safe even if all AZs within your source Region fail. For both strategies, the deployed infrastructure will require additional actions to become production ready. the primary fails, you might want to fail over to the secondary If needed, fall back to the original location will again incur similar losses.
DR is a crucial part of your Business Continuity Plan. When you deploy across three AZs, Amazon OpenSearch Service distributes master nodes equally across all three AZs. Here too you can use endpoint health checks for automatic routing, or set the percent traffic to each endpoint using traffic dials. When architecting a multi-region disaster recovery strategy for your workload, you should 2022, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. Based on configured health checks, AWS services, such as Elastic Load Balancing and AWS Auto Scaling, can
Using [], The Availability and Beyond whitepaper discusses the concept of static stability for improving resilience. He draws on 10 years of experience in multiple engineering roles across the consumer side of Amazon.com, where as Principal Solutions Architect he worked hands-on with engineers to optimize how they use AWS for the services that power Amazon.com. Figure 2 shows an EC2 Auto Scaling group that is configured, but it has no deployed EC2 instances. RTO is the maximum acceptable delay between the interruption of service and restoration of service. AWS provides multiple resources to enable a multi-Region approach for your workload. Service API metrics such as error rates and response latencies are a good way to understand your workload health. The strategy outlined in this blog post addresses how to integrate AWS managed services [], Voice calling systems are prevalent and necessary to many businesses today. Dhruv Bakshi is a Cloud Infrastructure Architect at AWS and possesses a broad range of knowledge across the technology spectrum. But functional elements (like compute) are shut off. In the cloud, the best way to shut off an Amazon EC2 instance is not to deploy it, and Figure 6 shows zero instances deployed. With multi-site active/active, two or more Regions are actively accepting requests. workload is on premises). Because a disaster event can potentially take down your workload, your objective for DR should be bringing your workload back up or avoiding downtime altogether. This is why having a small number of recovery
data store are incorrect. Each DR strategy will be detailed in future blog posts; the following sections summarize each strategy. Business-critical systems are fully duplicated and are always on, but with a scaled down It relies in part on Amazon CloudWatch alarms that enable you to determine your workload health based on metrics such as: Using the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) or AWS SDK, you can script scaling up the desired count for resources such as concurrency for AWS Lambda functions, number of Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) tasks, or desired EC2 capacity in your EC2 Auto Scaling groups. Figure 4 shows an active/active strategy where two or more Regions are actively accepting requests and data is replicated between them. The following sections list the components of the example application presented in Figure 1, which illustrates a multi-AZ environment with a secondary Region that is strictly utilized for backups. The single Region/multi-AZ strategy safeguards your workloads against a disaster that disrupts an Amazon data center by replicating workloads across multiple AZs in the same Region. Figure 2. This will be explored further in a future blog post. Figure 2 categorizes DR strategies as either active/passive or active/active. Figure 5. They are listed in increasing order of Test disaster recovery implementation to As Principal Reliability Solutions Architect with AWS Well-Architected, Seth helps guide AWS customers in how they architect and build resilient, scalable systems in the cloud. executed. Automate recovery: Use AWS or In case of disaster, both pilot light and warm standby offer the capability to limit data loss (RPO). If the primary node fails, it will promote the read replica with the least replication lag to primary. If you've got a moment, please tell us what we did right so we can do more of it. Like a pilot light in a furnace that cannot heat your house until triggered, a pilot light strategy cannot process requests until it is triggered to deploy the remaining infrastructure. This will result in lower latencies. business needs. You can follow Seth on twitter @setheliot, or on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/setheliot/. 2022, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. Such increases in RTO and RPO are fine, as long as business objectives can be met. Figure 4. Join the group to a cluster, and the group will automatically replace any terminated or failed nodes if an AZ fails. monitoring for failures, deploying to multiple locations, and automatic failover. In this post, youll learn how to reduce dependencies [], Data is at the center of stateful applications. You can establish recovery patterns and regularly scaled-down but fully functional version of your workload always running in the DR Region. configurations. This includes support infrastructure such as Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) with subnets and routing configured, Elastic Load Balancing, and Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling groups. Implement a strategy to meet these objectives, considering locations and Service validation tests provide metrics on the function and correctness of your API operations. can use the Availability Zones within that region as discrete locations instead of AWS Infrastructure as Code such as AWS CloudFormation or AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) enables you to deploy consistent infrastructure across Regions. Setting ActiveOrPassive to passive for the CloudFormation stack using parameters. You can precisely control when snapshots are taken and can create a snapshot schedule and attach it to one or more clusters. Multi-site active/active DR architecture. When you write to a data store and AWS CloudFormation can additionally detect drift in stacks you have In this post, youll learn how to implement an active/active strategy to run your workload and serve requests in two [], In this blog post, you will learn about two more active/passive strategies that enable your workload to recover from disaster events such as natural disasters, technical failures, or human actions. Choose When a disaster occurs, successful recovery depends on detection of the disaster event, restoration of the workload in the recovery Region, and failover to send traffic to the recovery Region. The thoughtful design of a cost-optimized solution will allow your business to sustain the system [], In this blog post, we share a reference architecture that uses amulti-Region active/passivestrategy to implement a hot standby strategy for disaster recovery (DR). For RTO and RPO, lower numbers represent less downtime and data loss. Here, data is replicated across Regions and is actively used to serve read requests in those Regions. Use services like Amazon Route53 or AWS Global Accelerator to route your user traffic to where Both include an environment in your DR Region with copies of your Note: For more information on multi-AZ configurations, please refer to the AZ disruptions table. Cluster relocation enables Amazon Redshift to move a cluster to another AZ with no loss of data or changes to your applications. features continually monitor your applications ability to recover from failures, so you can We highlight the benefits of performing DR failover using event-driven, serverless architecture, which provides high reliability, one of the pillars of AWS Well Architected Framework. must be avoided or handled. If the passive stack is deployed to the recovery Region at full capacity however, then this strategy is known as hot standby. Because warm standby deploys a functional stack to the recovery Region, this makes it easier to test Region readiness using synthetic transactions. Set these based on A replacement read replica is then created and provisioned in the same AZ as the failed primary. Previously he was Principal Engineer for Amazon Fresh and International Technologies. Both offer sufficient RTO performance that enables you to limit downtime. To turn on these instances, we use an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that was previously built and copied to all Regions. Note: Amazon Redshift may also relocate clusters in non-AZ failure situations, such as when issues in the current AZ prevent optimal cluster operation or to improve service availability. Multi-region (multi-site) active-active (RPO near zero, The primary difference between the two strategies is infrastructure deployment and readiness. and data loss: The workload has a recovery time Here it is set passive, and no EC2 instances will be deployed. 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