The overall evolution of these 3 non-behavioural effects is downwards, as they increased energy consumption on average by 2.5 Mtoe/year before 2014 and by 1.8Mtoe/year after. Re: messy data, the sample size can get low for some of the rows (you can see the sample count if you hover over each data point; anything less than 100 samples will have higher uncertainty). (replacing fossil fuel appliances and heat sources with electric ones) is an important aspect of dealing with climate change, it's useful to know where that will have the greatest impact. Arizona, on the other hand, adopted energy codes much later (it first adopted one in 2009), and has a history of conservative governors restricting jurisdictions from implementing more stringent ones. ResStock tells us. Within multifamily, we see the majority of square footage is in smaller buildings - 2 to 4 unit buildings, or buildings 3 stories or less. Between 2000 and 2019, the household consumption has decreased by 8.5 Mtoe. The dashboard breaks down energy use into electricity consumption, and on-site fuel consumption (burning natural gas, propane, or fuel oil.) I couldnt readily find energy consumption just for recent European construction. 
You can also contact me on Twitter, LinkedIn, or by email: briancpotter@gmail.com. Increases in housing stock and more consuming lifestyles (more appliances and larger homes)have contributed to an increase in consumption of 72.5 Mtoe. Interestingly, in 2019, the share of energy consumption of appliances has almost exceeded that of water heating. Lets start with a high-level look at US housing. If you think. If you instead compare energy per person though, the US looks way worse - we use somewhere in the neighborhood of 38 million Btus per person per year on average, compared to around 23 million in France. they constructed a series of probability distributions for different housing parameters in the US. I suspect the mechanism here is that some types of energy use dont scale linearly with home size - a 1000 square foot apartment and a 2000 square foot house, for instance, might both use similar amounts of energy for the fridge, dishwasher, microwave, washer/dryer, etc. The 2015 RECS data confirm this - the larger your house, the less energy per square foot it uses: Overall, average energy use for US homes is about 47,000 Btus per square foot per year. The trends by country for heating consumption per m2 of dwellings (Figure 5)mostly correspond to those observed for household energy consumption (Figure 4). Hi Brian, thanks for highlighting our work! 49% of US residential building floor area was built prior to 1980, and more than 10% was built prior to 1940. So lets take a look and see what we find. Can we get a sense from this data how much energy codes matter? However, despite the abundance of data available, and identified explanatory factors (decreasing share of new housing, retrofit practices, heating systems of energy poor households, rebound effect)we note that it is still difficult to provide detailed explanations of the identified phenomena. Residential buildings account for two thirds of this consumption and are associated with a high untapped energy savings potential. If you think electrification (replacing fossil fuel appliances and heat sources with electric ones) is an important aspect of dealing with climate change, it's useful to know where that will have the greatest impact. Could you let me know more about the double-counting issue you're seeing (contact info: Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Residential Energy Consumption Survey confirms, https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/eric-wilson.html. From what I understand, the normal electric hookup in the US is 2x120V, 100A (24KW), there is a move to 200Amps and older homes tend to have 50 Amps lines. So what is all that energy being used for? hb```r cb`>3sUO
>q0|gZPbafee%.TUY'5V.Nf83et"M
iL FGGo @0p`@ >i
f=Wpu8_(iR. After thermal uses comes electricity for lights, appliances, computers, etc. (This breakdown comes from the fact that the tool was designed to aid in energy retrofits, and so is focused on thermal uses as opposed to, say, energy consumption for kitchen appliances. Low energy prices which do not encourage renovation work with long payback periods and lead to higher heating temperature (rebound effect). Europe is even more diverse than US. These distributions were constructed based on correlations between the various parameters - the distribution of housing ages looks very different in the Northeast than the South, for instance, and the amount of insulation will vary depending on how old your house is. We can get a clearer view by looking at energy intensity - how much energy per unit area different types of housing use. Among the activity effects, which tend to increase energy consumption, some of them decrease after 2014, such as more dwellings or larger homes, while the more appliances effect slightly increases. France is roughly average for both energy use and dwelling size. Homes vary by size, age, location, materials, type of building, amount of insulation, number of windows, heating system, and dozens of other parameters, many of which are correlated with each other, all of which affect the energy use and performance of a building. A more granular breakdown of home electricity use can be found in the, These posts will always remain free, but if you find this work valuable, I encourage you to, . endobj
ResStock can tell us that as well. Using this, we can get a super granular (if simulated) look at exactly where energy goes in US homes, and see which parameters affect it. These effects can be of several types, e.g., direct (increase in consumption of heating energy because of better insulated homes or more efficient heating systems), energy market related (energy consumption increases as fuel costs decreases, as it has been the case in Ireland after 2014), For example, in France 35% of the renovation works between 2014 and 2016 were over one aspect only. Efforts still need to be made to collect technical and activity data, in particular on the quality and volume of renovations in each country, as well as data on the behaviour of households (use of technical and control systems; perception of comfort; influence of energy prices on behaviour, etc.). So lets drill down and look at housing just in a particular climate region. Finally, for space heating, the consumption has been stable since 2014, and follows a period of decline (-0.7%/year over 2000-2014). For one, it lumps in a bunch of radically different housing types together (which is why average energy intensity includes both electric and natural gas heating.) This makes it difficult to understand what actually matters for improving energy efficiency. As far as the simulated data is concerned, there doesnt seem to be much of an impact on different state energy codes on energy use. hbbd``b`6`,@,~"x@DHB , a simulation designed to model US residential energy use at a much greater level of detail than had been done previously. For domestic hot water, consumption has also been increasing since 2000, but at a rate that has clearly accelerated since 2014 (around 1%/year)compared to 2000-2014 (almost stable). In future iterations, we hope to better convey the uncertainty graphically.
Other thermal energy uses make up the second biggest chunk - air conditioning and water heating combined make up another 30% of energy use in post-1980 homes. But energy use per square foot averaged across all US housing is kind of a weird metric. endobj I suspect the mechanism here is that some types of energy use dont scale linearly with home size - a 1000 square foot apartment and a 2000 square foot house, for instance, might both use similar amounts of energy for the fridge, dishwasher, microwave, washer/dryer, etc. Turning to age, we see a relatively wide spread across different age brackets (which makes sense, considering how slowly homes leave the building stock.) Multifamily buildings taller than 3 stories make up just over 3% of US housing by floor area - your mental model of typical apartment building should be a. rather than an urban high-rise (the US actually has more square footage in mobile homes than it does in multifamily buildings taller than 3 stories). On a square-foot basis, single family homes actually use less energy than multifamily housing. endstream We see that most building types use energy roughly in proportion to their fraction of overall square footage - single family homes, for instance, make up just over 80% of residential energy use, just a bit more than their total fraction of housing space. Heres energy intensity for single family homes in the cold/very cold climate region: We see the biggest difference is energy for heating - houses in cold climates use twice the energy per square foot for heating than the national average for modern homes, and more than three times the average of pre-1940s homes. The "other" effects, which essentially include behavioural effects, contribute to the increase in consumption after 2014. To facilitate comparison, Ive tried to overlap census regions (comparing different climate zones in the same census region). Figure 1: Final energy consumption of residential buildings in the EU. How does this compare to a less thermally intensive climate zone? . 2016, Directorate general for Internal Policies (European Parliament). Multifamily buildings (duplexes, apartments, condos, etc.) Several aspects can explain this phenomenon: Figure 7 illustrates the impact of the main drivers of household energy consumption. Heres energy use for homes built post 2010 for all different climate regions in the US. But this is offset by higher energy intensity for things like general electricity use. We also see that mobile homes are the most energy intensive housing type by a fairly wide margin - a mobile home will use somewhere around 40% more energy per square foot than other housing types. So smaller housing units use more energy per square foot despite using less energy overall. (This all roughly matches with what we found when we previously looked at the US building stock.). Energy surveys, for instance, break down energy use by building type and by age, but if these factors are correlated (which they are), it makes it hard to know which one matters more. There are large disparities between countries, even after adjustment to the same climate, ranging from 0.5 toe/dwelling in Malta to 2.3 toe/dwelling in Luxembourg. Could you let me know more about the double-counting issue you're seeing (contact info: https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/eric-wilson.html)? 5 0 obj Figure 5: Households heating consumption per m2 (climate corrected), *Notes: 2002 for UK, 2003 for Portugal; no data available before 2008 for Luxembourg and before 2016 for Malta. For homes built after 1980, we see that the least energy intensive building type is actually single family homes, something the Residential Energy Consumption Survey confirms. The majority of that square footage is found in single family homes, which make up a bit over 75% of residential square footage. I recently came across the National Renewable Energy Laboratories Building Typology web dashboard (and associated paper), a very neat interface for exploring a huge simulation of US residential energy use built by NREL (a similar one for commercial buildings is coming later this year.) In Odyssee, an overall energy efficiency index, called "ODEX", aggregates the specific consumption trends by end-use to measure overall energy efficiency progress at sectoral level. in proportion to their fraction of overall square footage - single family homes, for instance, make up just over 80% of residential energy use, just a bit more than their total fraction of housing space. than the US, which would skew average energy use higher even if newer homes were significantly more energy efficient than US homes. ResStock can tell us that as well. %PDF-1.5 % This makes it difficult to understand what actually matters for improving energy efficiency. 11 countries with a decreasing trend reversing (i.e., with increased unit consumption)after 2014 (among which Portugal, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Romania, Hungary). 0 subscriptions will be displayed on your profile (edit). So smaller housing units use more energy per square foot despite using less energy overall. Ive done what I can to cross-check numbers against other data (such as RECS and census data), but we should take any conclusions with a large grain of salt. Figure 6: Trends in household energy efficiency at EU level, according to ODEX, Heating, water heating, cooking, cooling, lighting, refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, dishwashers, dryer and TVs. The 2015 RECS data confirm this - the larger your house, the less energy per square foot it uses: One confounder here is that European countries often have. So lets take a look and see what we find. Figure 2: Energy consumption per dwelling, scaled to the EU average climate. Figure 3: Household energy consumption by end-use in the EU. 381 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<23FE18C5064C3F4FAB466FB0A59C6D4C><42AC481FC020174A9D81D115282D21E9>]/Index[368 29]/Info 367 0 R/Length 72/Prev 649480/Root 369 0 R/Size 397/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Most of that extra energy comes from heating - ~65% of energy use in pre-1940s homes goes towards heating, compared to ~40% in post-1980s homes, and pre-1940s housing uses more energy per square foot for heating than post-1980 housing uses overall. Per the model, as of 2018 the US has about 250 billion square feet of residential floor space, spread across about 100 million individual buildings [0]: The majority of that square footage is found in single family homes, which make up a bit over 75% of residential square footage. Most of that reduction comes from reduced energy used for heating. - I expected multifamily construction to use lower energy per square foot. Why is energy efficiency households slowing down in Europe? The advantage of this approach is to aggregate specific consumption trends initially expressed in different physical units (e.g., toe/m2 for heating, toe/household for water heating and cooking, kWh/household for lighting, kWh/appliance for appliances and cooling)to get as close as possible to the energy efficiency of each technology, through (dimensionless)variation indices. ), a very neat interface for exploring a huge simulation of US residential energy use built by NREL (a similar one for commercial buildings is coming later this year.) The downward trends of energy efficiency observed for these end-uses were not offset by the larger efficiency gains for large appliances and lighting. Less new construction, that have very high, The quality of renovation of existing dwellings. Figure 4: Annual growth rate of energy consumption by end-use. This is partially offset by increased use of energy for cooling, but on balance hot/humid housing still uses just about 60-70% of the energy per square foot that cold climate housing uses (depending on the year.). The US has more than twice as much housing space in pre-1940 single family homes as it does in large apartment buildings. Household energy efficiency has improved by 29% at EU level between 2000 and 2019 (or 1.8%/year)as shown by the energy efficiency index ODEX (equal to 71 in 2019, Figure 6).
- Iron Corbels For Fireplace Mantel
- Banku And Tilapia Delivery Near Me
- Tween Fashion Magazines
- Edible Gold Leaf Real Gold
- Next Deal Shop Glow In The Dark Pebbles