One major disadvantage is that there is a large voltage difference between the fully charged and discharged state. Sealed batteries are not totally sealed, as they must allow gas to vent during charging. A battery rated at 180 amp-hours over 6 hours might be rated at 220 AH at the 20-hour rate, and 260 AH at the 48-hour rate. In such cases, the specific gravity and the voltages may vary from what we show. Solar Pump Controllers & Current Boosters, Solar Pump Installation Equipment & Accessories, Pump Installation Equipment & Accessories. There is little you can do to check these issues and so buying second hand can be risky. Solvents or spray cleaners should not be used.
The advantage of these batteries is that it is impossible to spill acid even if they are broken. Xantrex Morningstar Midnite Solar Outback Power Steca You can find all these brands, as well as others, in our charge controller section. NiCads, Nickel-Iron, and other types are found in a few systems, but are not common due to their expense, environmental hazards, and/or poor efficiency. For the purposes of this article however well stick with 120Ah. It will not hurt a deep cycle battery to be used as a starting battery, but for the same size battery they cannot supply as much cranking amps as a regular starting battery and is usually much more expensive. Modern battery technology can mean a higher acceptance rate for charging, which in turn means that buying a higher-output charger might be a smart decision. Batteries self-discharge faster at higher temperatures. These are often called traction batteries because of their widespread use in forklifts, golf carts, and floor sweepers (from which we get the "GC" and "FS" series of battery sizes). Sometimes the 100 hour rate is given just to make the battery look better than it really is, but it is also useful for figuring battery capacity for long-term backup amp-hour requirements. We don't have a lot of data. Once the charging voltage reaches 2.583 volts per cell, charging should stop or be reduced to a trickle charge. All Rights Reserved. Starting batteries have a large number of thin plates for maximum surface area. Lifespan is increased at the same rate if below 77 degrees, but capacity is reduced. Click for details.
This does NOT mean you cannot go to 80% once in a while. In situations where multiple batteries are connected in series, parallel or series/parallel, replacement batteries should be the same size, type, and manufacturer (if possible). These are sometimes called "taper charge" - as if that is a selling point. If your batteries spend part of the year shivering in the cold, the reduced capacity has to be taken into account when sizing the system batteries. 
Note that the voltages whenactually chargingwill be quite different, so do not use these numbers for a battery that is under charge. Here is the summary: It is worth knowing that the capacity of all rechargeable batteries decreases with age and deep cycle units are no exception. Some actual testing was done recently on a battery by one of oursolar forumposters, and these are his results: Bulk Charge- The first stage of 3-stage battery charging. Float Charge: The 3rd stage of 3-stage battery charging. This same thing can occur in gelled cells if they are overcharged and gaps or bubbles occur in the gel. In a recent article on boats.com I talked about amperes in your boats electricalsystem. The voltages below apply to ALL Lead-Acid batteries, except gelled. For 24 volt systems multiply by 2, for 48 volt system, multiply by 4.
If cycled only 10% DOD, it will last about 5 times as long as one cycled to 50%. There is no hard and fast rule to this decline as much will have depended on how the battery was used since new. However, bear in mind the other elements in the system that might also need upgrades. After a full charge, the water level should be even in all cells and usually 1/4" to 1/2" below the bottom of the fill well in the cell (depends on battery size and type). This means that it is discharged down to 10.5 volts over a 20 hour period while the total actual amp-hours it supplies is measured. when operating regularly in an environment of around 122F (50C), we can reduce the Ah capacity we need by 12%, so anything rated higher than 106 Ah will fit our needs. Copyright 2022 Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. Top 10 Choices for Boaters, 11 Holiday Gift Ideas For Boaters This Season, 10 Cool Last Minute Holiday Gifts for Boaters. Gelled batteries, or "Gel Cells" contain acid that has been "gelled" by the addition of Silica Gel, turning the acid into a solid mass that looks like gooey Jell-O. Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) batteries are commonly used to start and run engines. For a very brief discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these and other types of batteries, such as NiCad, NiFe (Nickel-Iron), etc. go to our Batteries for Deep Cycle Applications page. Some other disadvantages of gel cells is that they must be charged at a lower voltage (2/10th's less) than flooded or AGM batteries. Conversely, if it is drained slower, the AH capacity is higher. When you first buy a new set of flooded (wet) batteries, you should fully charge and equalize them, and then take a hydrometer reading for future reference. Even though battery capacity at high temperatures is higher, battery life is shortened. VIDEO How a zinc-carbon battery is made, VIDEO How an alkaline based battery is made, VIDEO How a nickel based battery is made. Here are two worked examples using our 100 Ah battery from above (that we have increased to 120 Ah so as to reduce wear and tear from very deep cycling). This is important because some manufacturers and vendors have chosen to rate their batteries at the 100 hour rate - which makes them look a lot better than they really are. This is a charge that is about 10% higher than normal full charge voltage, and is applied for about 2 to 16 hours. You have to be careful when looking at ratings that list how many cycles a battery is rated for unless it also states how far down it is being discharged. Note that forlong termfloat service, such as backup power systems that are seldom discharged, the float voltage should be around 13.02 to 13.20 volts. The 6-hour rate is often used for industrial batteries, as that is a typical daily duty cycle. The Crown L-16HC size has .22" thick plates. The problem is that "golf cart" refers to a size of battery case (commonly called GC-2, or T-105), not the type of construction - so the quality and construction of a golf cart battery can vary considerably - ranging from the cheap off brand with thin plates up to true deep cycle brands, such as Crown, Deka, Trojan, etc. Part - or most - of the loss in charging and discharging batteries is due to internal resistance. AGM's will cost about 1.5 to 2 times as much as flooded batteries of the same capacity. Some of the various brands and models that we use and recommend are listed below. They are sometimes used in larger PV systems because you can get a lot of storage in a single (very large and heavy) battery. The golf cart battery is quite popular for small systems and RV's. (There are some NiCads in use, but for most purposes the very high initial expense, and the high expense of disposal, does not justify them). In the hybrid, the plates may be composed of Lead sponge, but it is coarser and heavier than that used in starting batteries. An interesting rule of thumb is that typically if you divide a given reserve capacity by two, you will derive the approximate amp hour capacity. Previously, Ed was chairman of the Marine Technology Department at the New England Institute of Technology. The newer AGM (absorbed glass mat) batteries have all the advantages (and then some) of gelled, with none of the disadvantages. Batteries do not make electricity, they store it, just as a water tank stores water for future use. Deep cycle batteries have much thicker plates than automotive batteries. Finally, we made appropriate changes based on the environmental temperature the battery was likely to be operating in. Here well cover the steps you can follow to find the right battery for your needs.
Industrial deep cycle (Crown and Rolls 4KS series): 10-20+ years. Some models even have completely different plate designs to add even greater strength. That also means that they will not leak acid even if broken. Battery life is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time. All rights reserved. The plates are composed of a Lead "sponge", similar in appearance to a very fine foam sponge. At higher temperatures (over 85 degrees F) this should be reduced to about 2.10 volts per cell. Hydrometer readings may not tell the whole story, as it takes a while for the acid to get mixed up in wet cells. Fortress Power and Victron Energy Webinar, Electronics Guru Goes Off-Grid with Solar in Baja, Mexico, Alaska Off-Grid Resident Harnesses Energy from the Sun, Northern Utah Residents Outfit Shelter with Solar Power, Couple Converts School Bus into Solar Powered Skooly, Rolls-Surrette premium deep cycle: 7-15 years. This deep-cycle marine/RV battery is rated for 500 MCA (marine cranking amps) and 80 amp-hours. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The electrolyte may be stronger (for cold) or weaker (for very hot) climates. Some battery types, such as lithium ion batteries, are only deep cycle and so are not labelled as such. Starter batteries use less lead (the main cost in the production process) because the plates in the cell are thinner. Industrial batteries are usually designated by a part number such as "FS" for floor sweeper, or "GC" for golf cart.
Inactivity can be extremely harmful to a battery. boats.com is part of the Boats Group Network. If a battery is discharged to 50% every day, it will last about twice as long as if it is cycled to 80% DOD. Nearly all AGM batteries are "recombinant" - what that means is that the Oxygen and Hydrogen recombine INSIDE the battery. Some charge controls have temperature compensation built in (such as Morningstar) - this works fine if the controller is subject to the same temperatures as the batteries. If you use 1000 watts from a battery, it might take 1050 or 1250 watts or more to fully recharge it. Occasional dips into the yellow are not harmful, but continual discharges to those levels will shorten battery life considerably. Also, there is an upper limit - a battery that is continually cycled 5% or less will usually not last as long as one cycled down 10%. (Some, such as the Concorde AGM, use the 24 hour rate, which is probably a better real-world rating).
Deep cycle batteries have much thicker lead plates to withstand long and intense discharging. If you have something that pulls 20 amps, and you use it for 20 minutes, then the amp-hours used would be 20 (amps) x .333 (hours), or 6.67 AH. These are sometimes referred to as "deep discharge" or "deep cell" batteries. That is about the same as replacing a group 24 with a group 31. Unfortunately, it is often impossible to tell what you are really buying in some of the discount stores or places that specialize in automotive batteries. Generally, new AGM batteries have the lowest, and old industrial (Lead-Antimony plates) are the highest. This may occur several hundred times per minute. CA and MCA ratings are at 32 degrees F, while CCA is at zero degrees F. Unfortunately, the only positive way to tell with some batteries is to buy one and cut it open - not much of an option. Although called deep cycle, these batteries dont like complete discharge-recharge cycles and running them totally flat on a regular basis will cause internal damage that will shorten their lifespan. A newer type of sealed battery uses "Absorbed Glass Mats", or AGM between the plates. Thicker plates are directly related to longer life, so other things being equal, the battery with the thickest plates will last the longest. The higher the internal resistance, the higher the losses while charging and discharging, especially at higher currents. Deep cycle batteries (also often called Leisure or Marine batteries) are designed to provide a constant current over several hours compared to starter batteries which offer high power for several seconds.
This makes sure that all the cells are equally charged, and the gas bubbles mix the electrolyte. The links below are on this page - you can also just scroll down if you want to read them all. Some Peukert Exponent values (not complete, just for info). Not all shunt type controllers are 100% on or off, but most are. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. After batteries reach full charge, charging voltage is reduced to a lower level (typically 12.8 to 13.2) to reduce gassing and prolong battery life. This "leakage" or self discharge varies considerably with battery type, age, & temperature. These are also called "starved electrolyte", as the mat is about 95% saturated rather than fully soaked. An important fact is that ALL of the batteries commonly used in deep cycle applications are Lead-Acid. Thermal mass means that because they have so much mass, they will change internal temperature much slower than the surrounding air temperature. If these are set to the correct voltages for your batteries, they will keep the batteries charged without damage. Voltages at this stage are typically around 14.2 to 15.5 volts. This tends to even out in most systems - they will spend part of their life at higher temperatures, and part at lower. If you look at the fine print, it has that rating only at 5% DOD - it is much less when used in an application where they are cycled deeper on a regular basis. (Video of What makes a Deep Cycle Battery Different with Transcript). Not quite. While plate thickness is not the only factor in how many deep cycles a battery can take before it dies, it is the most important one. This does not apply to gelled or AGM batteries. It is NOT a measure of battery capacity. Since not all batteries have exactly the same acid strength, this will give you a baseline for future readings. Slower charging and discharging rates are more efficient. However, if your batteries are outside, and the controller is inside, it does not work that well.
The typical golf cart will have plates that are around .07 to .11" thick. This is converted to heat, which is why batteries get warm when being charged up. On the table below, you have to be careful that you are not just measuring the surface charge. However, there are several disadvantages. This includes the standard flooded batteries, gelled, and sealed AGM. This is true of flooded lead acid and sealed lead acid batteries. They are fine for a quick boost to low batteries, but not to leave on for long periods. It isamps x hours. Conversely, to a certain point, they will perform better in much warmer conditions. Even after over a century of use, they still offer the best price to power ratio. The recombining is typically 99+% efficient, so almost no water is lost. The Lead-Antimony types have a very long lifespan, but higher self discharge rates. The 140-minute reserve capacity indicates the number of minutes a battery can deliver 25 amps of current without dropping below 10.5 volts. You may not notice the difference at first but after a few charges and discharges the thin plates inside will start to buckle. Even the so-called "dry charged" (where you add acid when you need them) have a shelf life of 18 months at most. The Concorde batteries can be almost fully recharged (95% or better) even after 30 days of being totally discharged. Batteries should be wateredaftercharging unless the plates are exposed, then add just enough water to cover the plates. It is lead acid batteries than can be cranking (designed to deliver short bursts of high energy) or deep cycle. All Lead-Acid batteries supply about 2.14 volts per cell (12.6 to 12.8 for a 12 volt battery) when fully charged. Most industrial (fork lift) deep-cycle batteries use Lead-Antimony plates rather than the Lead-Calcium used in AGM or gelled deep-cycle batteries and in automotive starting batteries. If the liquid in standard wet cells is not mixed, the electrolyte becomes "stratified". Most of the modern controllers have automatic or manual equalization built in, and many have a LOAD output. Voltage remains constant and current gradually tapers off as internal resistance increases during charging. The plates in AGM's are tightly packed and rigidly mounted, and will withstand shock and vibration better than any standard battery. A battery can meet the voltage tests for being at full charge, yet be much lower than it's original capacity. To make an accurate assessment of your boat's requirements for both mission-critical and less important demands, use a load requirements worksheet like this example from the American Boat and Yacht Council. (The internal resistance gradually goes up because there is less and less to be converted back to normal full charge). An amp-hour is one amp for one hour, or 10 amps for 1/10 of an hour and so forth. The graph above shows how lifespan is affected by depth of discharge. Float and charging voltages for gelled batteries are usually about 2/10th volt less than for flooded to reduce water loss. This ranks among the top 3 reasons for battery failure. Bear in mind that installing a new high-output alternator on an older engine will probably require other modifications, too. Flooded may be standard, with removable caps, or the so-called "maintenance free" (that means they are designed to die one week after the warranty runs out).
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