Sound travel in different states of matter, The importance of conservation of organisms that are cryptic, Understanding of the Species at Risk Act and the "Special Concern" designation, The impact of sound on cetaceans. Evaluate human impacts on local ecosystems. called a "herring hog", and in England it is called the "common porpoise". The ear canals of cetaceans are full of wax, and are thought not to help with transmitting the vibrations. They have a specialized way of breathing using blowholes located on the top of their heads. The social organization of harbour porpoise is also not well known for the population in British Columbia. Of course, we cannot stop all noisy activities in the ocean, but we can try to avoid making noises in marine mammal The impact of sound on harbour porpoise, their conservation and student empowerment "appear to be particularly sensitive to human activities, and are prone to becoming entrapped and killed in fishing nets. Firecrackers, jets at takeoff, gunshots and motorcycles have sound intensity above 120 dB. Little is known about porpoises, compared to dolphins since their small size makes them seismic technology they have to produce sound. Well learn how porpoises find their way with sound waves. Porpoises use echolocation clicks to help them acoustically "see" under water. When the wire was connected like a jaw bone, the vibrations were All female mammals produce milk for their young and nurse them.
Sometimes people choose to do things that are extremely noisy. Extirpated: no longer in the wild in Canada, but existing in the wild elsewhere. The omission of the discussion of solutions and allowing students to enact change can
(The exceptions are marsupials like
The lesson plan combines porpoise natural
180 dB in water =118.5 dB in air. stream restoration and beach clean ups. Your hear your voice
being more difficult to notice, cryptic species may also serve as an indicator for further environmental problems. As you know, it is not the preferred habitat of British Columbia's harbour
Dorsal means "back " (as in "on the back surface"). navigating, and finding prey. Sounds above what humans can hear. to a greater sense of hope and empowerment, and reduces the feeling of being overwhelmed. Buy local products so there is less fossil fuel pollution. Porpoises use sound for navigating, communicating and finding prey. Discuss with students how, if they have ever heard a recording of their voice, they probably
loud sounds everyday, your body cannot continually repair the damage and eventually your ears loose their ability to hear
Nanaimo we know very little about their lives including how many live here or even which parts
they also scared the porpoises and killer whales away too. See list under adaptations. Fewer vibrations were lost so the sound is louder. 
Herring, Live in shallow habitats near where people build marinas and have ferry terminals, appear to be particularly sensitive to human activities, can become entangled and die in fishing nets, are difficult to study (reflected in the statement that porpoises are "shy"), seem to be in reduced numbers in the highly developed areas of Victoria and Haro Strait, continue to be threatened by human development and use of its prime habitats, could be affected by contaminants in their food chain, Discuss with students how porpoise hear and create sound and contrast cetacean hearing with human hearing. For terrestrial animals and people sound is transmitted through
porpoises are marine mammals specially adapted to live in the sea. Within the eastern
Canada's Species at Risk Act does recognize BC's harbour porpoise as a species "Of Special Concern" but as such they do
Porpoise and dolphins are odontocetes, but there are some significant differences between
http://www.pwlf.org/harbourporpoise/identification.htm, http://www.bostonharbor.com/HarborPorpoise.html, http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Phocoena_phocoena/Phocoena_
uses sound (e.g. 
an ultrasound machine) to see inside your body. Harbour porpoise can be very difficult to observe in the wild. Otherwise, because males
in our coastal waters and are our wild, aquatic neighbours? hearing the sound waves travelling in water! sound wave out into the environment. Sometimes cetaceans accidentally get stuck on a beach. the whales, dolphins and porpoise. interpret the world around them. which would make it more difficult for small fish to survive and porpoises would have less prey to eat, Live in inshore areas that are often close to our cities and towns, Eat food that people also like to eat e.g.. them down! There are three recognized subspecies: Pacific harbour
Assess survival needs between organisms and environment. Food web - A food web is used to describe the connectivity and dependence of organisms upon on another. Are always warm-blooded (endothermic) which means they are able to maintain a constant inner body temperature. The animals could be there and just not detected, especially as it is in a coastal region with habitats
it too difficult for them to use their own sounds, but we do know when loud sounds or lots of human activity are in the
Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis), Animal has no dorsal fin - go to number 2, Adult female is larger than 1.5 m - go to number 4, Dorsal fin is black and white - go to number 5, Dorsal fin is all dark coloured - go to number 6, Animal has a triangular shaped dorsal fin -, Animal's dorsal fin is in the middle of its back - go to number 7, Animal's dorsal fin is well behind the middle of its back -, Discuss the natural history of harbour porpoise in British Columbia. whales that have a baleen filter in their mouths. rarely visible too. Many people refer to all large animals Almost all sounds made can be heard by humans. an explosion) or from continuous exposure to a sound (e.g. Also 5 species of river dolphin. Any four of: small body size, small dorsal fin, do not create sounds we can clicks but also the frequencies used. Organism - A living thing be it plant, animal, protest, fungus or bacteria(monera). Porpoises are the smallest cetaceans. This would mean that the harbour porpoise may have less to eat. Usually very little or no parental care.
Their brains process these sounds to
Entanglement : Unfortunately, harbour porpoise, as well as many other small cetaceans become etc. Details_e.cfm?sid=493, http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/hearing/hearing.html, http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/hearing/hearing.shtml, http://www.geo.arizona.edu/tectonics/Ducea/Batholiths/index.html, http://www.bewhalewise.org/marine-wildlife-guidelines/. Discussion: Because it does not break down, it enters immediately to get a rescue team to the site. find food or even find members of its family. Make your voice count. BC, so this is a good place to study them. do not approach boats, especially when the motors are running. Unfortunately, it does appear that harbour porpoise are seen less frequently in southern BC than they like the harbour porpoise, appear to be more sensitive. All mammals have hair at some stage in their lives. Endothermic animals can maintain a constant internal temperature. which has solidified and through erosion is now visible at the surface. characteristics that let them survive in this environment. Human ears can hear the whistles Some of our noisy activities include boats, with naval training exercises: Some natural events are extremely noisy in the ocean. Not all sounds are present all the time. That is because the sounds (talking, laughing, jumping in water) are transmitted very Some sharks, report of a harbour porpoise going more than 50 km up the Fraser River, probably in search of food. Although it is common to find groups of three, especially during the summer and early fall months. this is known as the sonic range. They do not seem to like to live Have students answer the questions individually and discuss answers as a class. Animals like the harbour porpoise, may be difficult to find, and their Mostly, harbour porpoise surface These molecules are closer together in liquids like water, than air, so the sound energy is Sounds when you have your head underwater in the bathtub; sounds made when someone inhales helium and speaks; use underwater sound. Now, to hear like a harbour porpoise, the wire is going to be connected to the student's ears as if it Needed: Spool of metal wire (around 18 gauge). It makes sense that providing more protection to ears have been damaged by the sounds. V.M. Odontocetes of twanging your ruler on the side of your desk. sound frequencies, and when stimulated by receiving the vibrations, the nerve cells pass the message to the brain.
The spilled oil gets washed away with the rain, goes down the storm drain and goes directly to the ocean. especially deep-sea vessels, like freighters; military sonar; offshore drilling; and seismic exploration. When they travel at this speed you often see a very distinct splash on the surface this also makes them much less However, if you were to hear these Being on shore is very stressful for cetaceans. However, if we do not know enough to understand why the animal is at risk, Range of sounds humans can hear (2 20 kHz), Sound intensity in water dB (rounded off). Even some animals can produce very loud sounds (e.g. This hearing loss is a handicap for humans and other animals. It takes approximately 18 months for the calf to become independent of its mother. Study the world map showing where harbour porpoise are found. Knowledge of marine mammal viewing guidelines - downloadable brochure available at. Provide a "Student Handout: Lesson 5" to each student. Cetaceans do not have any ear openings on the So sometimes, harbour porpoise may venture into deep waters, and Dall's porpoise into shallow. Porpoises, and other odontocetes, can open and close the Monkey Lips and therefore create discrete clicks. Threatened: likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse the factors leading to its extirpation or extinction. Have a student in the group wrap about 20 cm of the end of the wire around each index finger.
of the coast are important for their survival. competing indirectly with each other, Disease e.g. Seen only very briefly on the surface. Needed: Tuning fork. through their television sets. and chemical factors, both natural and non-natural. have to try to be "perfect" in your environmental behaviour but - do what you can. There is no difference behaviours like jumping out of the waters (called breaching). This great mystery will be solved in lesson 4! were only 50 years ago. That it can rot.
Specific threats include entanglement in Odontocete - Is a type of cetacean that has teeth. make lower frequency sounds that can travel much further. activities may never change or even influence our busy lives, but we are changing theirs. We do not know how the maturity age range for the British Columbian populations. foreheads. Complete questions and choice of activity. There are a lot of different human generated sound sources. drilling for coastal constructions such as In British Columbia, the most common predators of harbour porpoise are transient killer whales. Use their air sacs to make sound. and to the calf are unknown. As a result, they are often subject to by sound coming to your ear from your ear flaps but also by sound vibrating through your bones spend part of their time in the sea and part of the time on land. Discuss how this animal may be adapted for its habitat. donate to second hand store. moved down the ear canal, to the eardrum and to your nerve cells. in habitats where there are loud noises, or lots of boats. there is concern about the seismic testing being conducted in this area. their index finger in their ears. These alarms are no longer used currently in our province, but working on a They serve as indicators of how we Cetaceans with baleen are known as mysticetes (e.g.. grey whales and humpback whales) and all mysticetes Sound can be used when scientists want to learn by bone and more fatty material. and Pacific white-sided dolphin. Your drawing must be supported by clear written message indicating what the concern(s) are. Some scientists use a retractable dart system to collect a skin sample Watershed awareness; how chemicals end up in the ground water and then in the ocean; how sewage treatment cannot remove all chemicals. will not just end up in the landfill. porpoise click is centred around 120 kHz - definitely above what humans can here! Note that the unit for measuring the intensity of sound is the decibel (dB). There are several organizations in If the pesticide cannot biodegrade, it will go into the soil and down to the groundwater. Avoid using disposable items e.g. the surface as often. Have students answer questions individually and discuss answers as a class. The sexes and relationship of the two larger animals to each other environmental change. High levels Harbour porpoise have the widest distribution of any of the 6 porpoise species, meaning Their fins have no distinctive pigmentation patterns that would make them stand out and the blow is Scientific names allow to the numbers of nerve cells in their ears and the frequencies they can hear. The sound waves travel through the water, hit the object and bounce back Use your vote. For instance, in the North Atlantic, harbour porpoise mature between We know for sure that sometimes they are sometimes together found in the same habitats, as, at In some areas they still are, but mostly these inshore and whistles. eat the garbage and it can get stuck in their throats or stomachs. protect wild plants and animals. There are a lot of batholiths in the Coast Mountains of Hair would only slow creating an echo. in cetaceans. Also, external ear structures would also slow them down. From the groundwater it goes to the ocean. forced to move to other areas further from human activity, but shallow waters away from human activity Make sure your household products, such as laundry detergent than one common name for an animal. (arrow pointing in direction of increasing level of risk.). available in Lesson 2 of "Bioaccumulation and BC's killer whales". This happens because you hear your voice differently than others do. Harbour porpoise reach between 1.5 and 1.8 m in length making them BC's smallest cetacean, and they They also eat market Female harbour porpoise give birth to single calves about every two years. What also makes it difficult to observe wild harbour porpoise is that the soil and could end up in the groundwater and go to the ocean. The melon acts like a lens, and it is used to focus the The impact of sound on Harbour Porpoise Summary of the Preliminary Report on the investigation of harbour porpoise stranded in Harbour porpoise are usually found in waters They each take turns wrapping about 20 cm of wire around their index fingers and gently putting (Phocoena phocoena vomerina) , Atlantic Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena A cetacean is a name used to describe the group of marine mammals with a blowhole. deep dive, but also serves to isolate sounds coming from the jaw so they are not lost amongst other appear to consist of two adults and one calf. technologies, global community and quest for knowledge. Sometimes they come back, and sometimes they don't. Access to computer lab with internet, library books on marine invertebrates, contact with conservation groups. animals were once seen more often from shore. do not touch it, but take note of its location, and phone the Fisheries and Oceans Stranding Hotline number Hit the tines of the tuning fork on a metal object and hold the fork next to your ear. by organisms like fungus and bacteria. Fix things rather than throwing them out. problems they hear of (e.g. makes a high frequency sound. The lower jaw of odontocetes is hollow, This "counter-colouration" helps camouflage them from predators. vibration of air molecules. harbour porpoise: the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Black and Azov Seas. Most fish are egg layers but a few give birth to live young. Repeatedly seen on the surface. Dall's porpoise prefer deeper waters that range from about 150 metres to over 300 metres. They can go very fast, even up to 55 km/hr! However, when they are feeding in tide lines, they will surface more quickly creating a low splash. This means they can mass stranding of beaked whales in the Canary Islands in September 2002 during naval exercises).
If you find one, call the stranding number above Echolocation may possibly also have a role in communication. Female harbour porpoise are slightly larger than males. like at a concert, you may find that your ears are ringing for several days. The whistles are used more for communicating whereas the clicks, known as echolocation, are used more for So harbour porpoise that live in British Columbia, may spend their entire lives here! Sound is a form of energy. Do what you can to help. marks, text should be straight, poster should not be wrinkled. What was the journey of the sound vibrations in each case? seem at the swimming pool? More you can do to save energy: Walk, bike, skate-board, etc more as a form of transportation, Carpool and use public transportation more, Use alternatives to fossil fuels when you can. of sound by releasing compressed air 5 to 10 metres below the surface every 20 to 60 seconds (or 50 to 150 metres based on might be changing the planet, not only for them, but for other organisms too. Do not contribute to contaminants in the ocean. Endangered: a wildlife species facing imminent extirpation or extinction. Therefore, you hear your voice in a way that no one else does since they only get your sound Some animals, like elephants and fin whales use sounds below Breathe air with lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. come to a boat to ride in its bow wave. Questions provided at the end of each lesson. travel very far in the ocean. orca; the biggest member of the dolphin family. the harbour porpoise have more nerves in their ears that are tuned to very high frequencies (since they make lots of Porpoises belong to a familiar class of animals known as mammals. Comprehend and respond (Critical analysis): Express agreement or disagreement with information. Contact your local The cetaceans include all whales, dolphins and porpoise. usually about 60 dB and a refrigerator hum is about 40 dB. This colour blends in with the More than 30 species of ocean dolphin including the firmly on it. The vibrating air was picked up by your earflaps, sounds are up to 200 dB at the source radiating out hundreds to thousands of metres. Ear canal plugged so no water gets in. surface of the ocean very well. Harbour porpoise survival is also threatened by human activities. This is why sounds are louder, and travel further and faster in water. Some of their The nerve cells are specific for difficult to spot, their colour blends in with the sea surface, and because they are not on These surface-active behaviours help researchers Some can tolerate significant changes, whereas others, Each student gets a turn at trying out the jawbone and being the kangaroos which give live birth but the young are not fully developed; and monotremes Some marine mammals, like Pacific white-sided dolphins or humpback whales are known for their acrobatic bowhead whale. contrast with BC's other porpoise species, the Dall's porpoise, Dichotomous key and bar graph interpretation, Review of human sensory capabilities (e.g. Communicate ideas and information (Composing and creating): Summarize what they know about specific topics or issues and identify and address gaps in the information available, Review of mammalian characteristics and contrast general features to that of fish, General natural history of harbour porpoise and cetacean taxonomy, Differences between dolphins and porpoise, Natural history of harbour porpoise as it pertains to British Columbia, including a Harbour porpoise and other marine mammals, such as humpback and killer whales, use these same channels. To be able to live their whole lives in the ocean, cetaceans have some unique adaptations; Specific solutions for harbour porpoise emphasising that many solutions for the harbour porpoise are solutions In 1996, a mass stranding of beaked whales in the Mediterranean Sea (Source: Frantzis, A. Examples of sounds in air (approximations): *Note that sound intensity in air is not the same as sound intensity in water, e.g. They should try to explain how the sound was different that the first time. They usually need human help to get out of the nets alive, Competition with fisheries : as we learned earlier, harbour porpoise like to eat small fish entangled in fishing nets. To swim the tail has a lateral movement (from side to side). greater human pressures than those marine mammals that live farther from shore. If marine mammals Just because they are difficult to find, doesn't mean that we're not affecting them. (creating icebergs) are all very noisy events. The longer it takes the echo to come back, the further an sound. such as the great white shark will also prey on harbour porpoise in other parts of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 2. Patterns and relations (Variables and equations): Analyse relations graphically to discover how changes in one quantity may affect others, Graph relations, analyse results, and draw conclusions, Use various types of graphs, tables, timelines and maps to obtain or communicate information. and temperate waters in the north polar area. with a gentle rolling motion and infrequently display any active behaviours above the surface of the water. blue whales and snapping shrimp). very small size and because their dorsal surface is brownish-grey. habitats are no longer available to the porpoise because we've built busy harbours, installed bridges, Includes an overview of odontocete hearing, Figure out who's who! Buy organic and biodegradable whenever you can. In September 2002, 14 beaked whales stranded in the Canary Islands (Source: Martel, Too often environmental problems are relayed without the simple daily solutions that would create positive (e.g. This is exactly the same principle as when you shout into a canyon, and a few Washington around May 2003). Therefore we need to work together to reduce ocean noise levels. Avoid pesticides. and vessel collision. We must never forget that our activities not only affect our lives, You need to know where an animal lives before you can determine the specific threats that it may face during its life. Continued development and use of its prime habitat by humans are some of the main threats. rocks; just the same way that porpoises use sound to see through the dark ocean. and the abiotic factors with which they interact. However, toothed cetaceans have evolved an amazing A Mass Stranding of Beaked Whales in the Bahamas). If the damage is severe, the porpoises can die as a result Odontocetes e.g. For instance, if you listen to loud sounds, and built marinas and ferry terminals. They do not have external ear flaps since they do not need to capture vibrating air in order to hear. happening in their aquatic environment. geographically isolated, there is no mating between these populations. produced by harbour porpoise, however very few people have ever heard them. Airgun array (36 guns) used for seismic testing (low frequency), Single airgun for seismic testing (low frequency), a. Habitat - The home of an organism that includes all biological, physical, The far the boat travels between blasts). They make two types of sound that sound like clicks (PDF, 139 KB).
There is one For example: Some cetaceans have teeth, while others have baleen (a filtering apparatus) instead. Phocoenidae - This is the term used to collectively describe the porpoise family (Family The student holds out the wire suspended from both fingers so that the wire is not touching anything other than the student's index fingers. of the big picture while emphasizing local, individual actions, Discussion of personal choices that both students and their families can make to contribute well across the surface of the water. 2002. Porpoise teeth are not cone shaped, but have a more flattened, spade shape. If the environment is noisy because of human activities (e.g. The question is, are we up to the challenge of understanding what these animals need and making changes fish to survive. The use of fossil fuels has an impact on climate change. Absent. were the harbour porpoise's jaw bone. If it vibrates slowly, the frequency is lower. weigh 45 to 60 kg at maturity. "Special Concern" species means a lower chance of their becoming more At Risk. The piny anteater is also called echidna.). habitats. the dorsal fin rarely makes an exit or entry splash; it is very small at only 15 to 20 cm in height. It is extremely important that we make sure that all the sounds we produce are at a low enough level that we are sure Some sound vibrations pass through your own bones and vibrate to the inner ear
life history, prey species, predators, and threats. machine with a noisy engine or by listening to loud music with headphone). Length of about a metre per every group of 2 or make are of lower frequency). The use of echolocation has helped the porpoises and other odontocetes become better able to know what is If you have a camera, take a couple of pictures, and note the date and time. advises the government about how "at risk" they believe an animal or plant is. from the porpoise and figure out if it is male or female from the DNA in the cells collected. For example, using fossil fuels contributes to changing global temperatures Sound travels just as well through the water as it does across its surface. Your body usually repairs this short-term damage. the more the Species at Risk Act is designed to offer protection. Since they are Discussions should include Have students answer questions in class, and discuss answers as a group. Remember, harbour porpoise are particularly sensitive to human activities and noise. How was the sound different when we used the wire like a jawbone? especially when the motors are running. To find out how this works, you need a tuning fork and another metal object. The lessons integrate Porpoises do not receive sounds through their ears on the outside of their head like we do;, Batholiths Project postponed due to uncertain potential effects from airguns on SARA listed marine mammals. porpoise will sometimes come to a boat to ride in its bow wave or they will surf in a boat's wake! to milk.
Sometimes people and porpoises get the same airborne diseases. Fill in the species name for each animal. Humans are going to use the Earth's resources, all living things do. ages 3-4 years, but in the North Sea they do not mature until they are between 5-6 years old. A brochure, the draft environmental assessment report and PPT presentations explaining the project are available at
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