Free Rides in Couch Bikes Soothe Senior Loneliness, Remember Flying? Green composites, defined as biodegradable biopolymers reinforced by natural fibres, have very low impact on the environment, and thus they are one of the potential alternatives to replace conventional petroleum-based polymers and polymer composites. [59] suggested a complicated method for obtaining bamboo fibre. The application of bamboo in many spheres of life as a suitable replacement for woody biomass in some instances provides arrays of opportunities in material industries. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Many Filipinos use this bamboo to make "Kerosene Bamboo Cannons", which they use as an alternative to firecrackers, during Christmas and the New Year. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. The part transformed to alcohol represents the yield of 250380l ton1 of bamboo [94] while that of sugar cane, when compared gave an average yield of 70l of alcohol ton1 [95]. The common species of bamboo used for this purpose are given in Table 5. The shoot also contains saccharine, which can resist little mouse tumour and has anti-ageing elements [20, 80]. [49] reported that the characteristic properties of mercerised bamboo fibres used for the preparation of bamboo fibre-reinforced epoxy composites made the bio composites cost useful for dielectric applications. Maleic anhydride grafting onto poly(l-lactic acid) balanced the improvements of stiffness and ductility, exhibiting best overall properties [67]. Species of bamboo are found in all continents except in Europe [2]. *Address all correspondence to: mayowa.azeez@eksu.edu.ng. In another study, Kushwaha and Kumar [69] investigated the effect of silanes on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-epoxy composites. 5 Day Visit Ajanta, Ellora & Temple tour. 
Home > Books > Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects, Submitted: October 6th, 2016 Reviewed: March 9th, 2018 Published: May 30th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. And as such, several outstanding bamboo fibres can be obtained and incorporate other materials to produce excellent performance composites that can favourably compete with many conventional materials. Bamboo shoot is one vegetable that is free in pollution, low in fat and high in edible fibre and rich in mineral. Tea made from the bamboo leaf is rich in silica, which is important in bone and other rigid tissue health. 
Bamboo extracts contain valuable elements, which are used in pharmaceuticals, creams and beverages. Bamboo has been used for thousands of years by many cultures around the world. [67] carried out a comparative study on the effect of alkali soaking, silane coupling agent and maleic anhydride grafting on the mechanical properties of cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites. 
SEM studies carried out showed a better dispersion of fibre into the PVC matrix due to an increased amount of coupling agents used. Artists of this continent have refined techniques that qualify these products to exigent markets. Bamboo mat board is being manufactured in China, India, Thailand and Vietnam [5]. 
Their mechanical, thermal, rheological property, morphology and miscibility properties were extensively studied. The minor components are pigments, tannins, protein, fat, pectin and ash. Stems and leaves of Bambusa bambosare used in traditional Indian medicine as a blood purifier, in the treatment of leucoderma and inflammatory conditions. They reported that the modifications improved the mechanical properties of the cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites by improving the interfacial adhesion of the cellulose fibre and the matrix. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ethiopia has over 1 million ha of highland and lowland bamboo resources, which is about 86% of the African bamboo resource that serves as a subsistence material for rural communities [18, 19]. Today we see a boom of innovative bamboo products and applications as a sustainable alternative for wood. It can be used for almost all parts of houses, including posts, roofs, walls, floors, beams, trusses and fences [14]. The total production capacity of bamboo pulp in China reached 2,4 million tons in 2017, of which 80% of the pulp is used for the production of unbleached bamboo pulp for household paper grades. Bamboos have agronomical and technological characteristics highly essential to obtain cellulose [2]. These differences in rhizome systems can be because of their adaptations to climate conditions to which the bamboos belong. Various bamboo furniture products including bamboo panel, composite board and particleboard have been developed in China [76]. It has been reported that the density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800kg/m3 depending on anatomical structures such as quantity and distribution of fibres around vascular bundles [4], with its maximum density usually obtained from 3years old culms [5, 6]. Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Rei Bamboo Wear and Its Application in Friction Materi Bamboo charcoal, bamboo charcoal briquettes, bio-methane, Bio-ethanol, Plywood, laminated bamboo board, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated wood strips, mat curtain plywood, door shutter, matchstick, bamboo clipboard, furniture and handicrafts, charcoal, Cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea, Floor tiles, toys, bamboo composite decking, bamboo composite fencing, bamboo composite deck tiles, bamboo composite railings, bamboo composite dustbins, bamboo composite outdoor furniture, bamboo decking accessories. Activated carbon is a non-graphitic form of carbon, which is produced by activation of any carbonaceous material such as bamboo, wood chips, etc. Silanes are recognised as efficient coupling agents that are used extensively in composites and adhesive formulations. In China, bamboo forests are recognised as a massive carbon sink in the global cycles of carbon. Their potential and utilisation for cellulose, bio-ethanol and other related products have been studied. The bamboo potential as an industrial raw material is linked to its agronomical and technological characteristics [2]. In addition, with adequate technology, the stems can be used in the production of cellulose, bio-ethanol and starch [21]. In an exciting study, Kumar etal. The chemical composition of bamboo is known to be similar to that of wood, but bamboo has a higher content of minor components compared with wood [32]. However, the advantage of bamboo is that it grows incredibly fast, that it can be harvested on an annual basis without damaging or having to re-plant the plantation or forest, and that bamboo has some superior mechanical properties compared to traditional timbers. It has been extensively studied for graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto fibres in a living/controllable way [65]. Its brightness and optical properties remain stable while those papers make from wood may deteriorate over time. Hence, it allows an artist to express his talent in several forms. Bamboo paper has a high tear index, similar to that of hardwood paper, and its brightness and optical properties remain stable, while those of wood derived paper may deteriorate over time. This method removed 3842% of the polysaccharides and lignin from the bamboo chips. Different authors have investigated different species and bamboo parts. The liquor ratio was 20, and the pH was maintained at 10.5. Dilute acid pre-treatment of bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF) and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL) have been investigated for xylose and glucose yields [42]. Besides its role as a raw material for consumer products, bamboo has enormous prospects for industrial utilisation and as industrial raw material. Although data on worldwide production of bamboo products are incredibly unreliable, they do not appear in significant commodity databases [8]. Given its proprieties, bamboo continues to be used for the production of new products. Mine Kafon is a revolutionary landmine clearer/detonator that is very cheap to make. Hong etal. Bamboo Textiles And Fabrics: What You Need To Know Before Buying, Bamboo Beehives: A Unique Way To Make Your Own Honey. Bamboo charcoal is generally used by goldsmith and in gardening to prevent moisture available to plants particularly in Japan [78]. Other applications include for purification of waters, soils and sediments contaminated by PAHs; for environmental protection and architectural decorations [91] and as conductor and fuel [14]. It has been found to have a high level of acetylcholine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in animals and humans [98]. How? Bamboo leaf contains 25% flavine and phenolic compound that have the power to remove active oxy-free radicals, stopping nitrification and abating blood fat. Handicraft products with bamboo are exported mainly from Asian countries to other parts of the world. It serves as a substitute for wood charcoal or mineral coal and has been reported to possess absorption capacity which is six times that of wood charcoal of the same weight [3, 14]. The same trend in the properties of permanganate- and benzoylation-treated bamboo fibre polyester composites was observed [61]. Bamboo fibres could also be modified by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) technique. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fiber, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. As an Amazon Associate, we may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this website. Besides, it is recognised as an industrial raw material globally and has tremendous potentials for economic development of nations [75]. It attains maturity in 3years as compared to wood, which takes almost more than 20years. Most of the manufacturers use this process as it requires not only a little time to yield the bamboo fibres but also less economic means mainly when compared with mechanical methods. In India, young and tender bamboo shoots are used as a seasonal vegetable in both rural and urban areas [78]. The slurry was then freeze-dried to obtain dry bamboo fibre. In a study reported by Akinbile etal. Kumar etal. Butanol is similar to ethanol being a form of alcohol. Bamboo fibres have great potential as an alternative to inorganic fillers and are raw material for fabricating a composite material, and their applicability is being widely investigated. [96] developed a combined production process for cellulose fibres and ethanol from B. vulgaris, whichgave good results to bamboo use. The ashes of bamboo are used to polish jewels and manufacture electrical batteries. They include drainpipes made from wood boards or box drains, bricks, horseshoe-shaped ceramic tile, circular clay tile, concrete tile, bituminised fibre perforated pipe, perforated smooth plastic pipe to corrugated plastic pipe. Common bamboo species that can be used for this purpose (see Table 5). It creates a rough fibre surface, activates hydroxyl groups and improves the fibre tensile strength. With its high growth rate, a wide range of applications and renewability, bamboo resources occupy a noteworthy position in the twenty-first century as a versatile and vital raw material [20]. Pre-treatment of bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with dilute sulphuric acid before enzymatic hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugars has also been investigated [38]. This siliceous material is used as a cooling tonic and aphrodisiac, as a remedy for asthma and coughs [98] and other debilitating diseases. This is as a response to the increasing demand for developing materials that are biodegradable, sustainable and recyclable [15]. In many overpopulated regions of the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one suitable material that is sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the great need for economical housing [103]. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. Love podcasts or audiobooks? They originate from India where the first polo club was established in 1833. Unfortunately (due to the higher cost of mechanically extracted bamboo fibers), modern bamboo clothing is usually made from chemically processed bamboo, called: viscoserayon. This suggests that the fibre in the bamboo leaves enlarge the digestive tract and enable the chicken to consume more and grow faster. It is a chemical processing raw cellulose fibre to delignify and to remove the amorphous regions. It is a delicacy in Asia. The treatment of bamboo strips with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMwPF) resin followed by pressing at 140C improved the dimensional stability and strength properties of the strips. However, bamboo offers an ecologically viable alternative to timber for construction due to its low-cost and fast growth rate [3]. Alkali hydrolysis is a conventional technique. Bamboo is an excellent material for cheap and light plant support sticks, stakes or props. Read on and discover some of the coolest bamboo products you probably didn't even know they existed! Bamboo serves as an excellent alternative to wood in the manufacture of furniture. Besides, bamboo is also a material of high plasticity and easy to combine with other materials. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus) observed that silane treatment improved the tensile and flexural strength, but the addition of silane treatment mercerised bamboo leads to significant reduction of the strength. Before the addition of KClO3, dry raw bamboo strands were immersed in a diluted nitric acid solution [57, 58]. Craft products are to be developed differently, marketed and promoted in innovative and various ways if they are to compete and survive in the international market. Learn on the go with our new app. The excellent quality of these products is due to good qualification of the workforce and the availability of machines that assist the production process. Chemical composition of bamboo fibre [33]. Some bamboo products for building or construction purpose include ply bamboo, bamboo panels/composite boards of different types, particle boards, mat boards, bamboo parquet and bamboo fibre-reinforced plastic [5, 76, 104]. This goes from construction materials to food, medicine, musical instruments, fabrics, paper pulp, fencing, basketry, utensils, bicycles, and so on Therefor te better question would be: What products cannot be made from bamboo? However, bamboo is a green biofuel for fighting deforestation and climate change [92]. Anwar etal. Bamboo rayon-copper nanoparticle composite fabric was also prepared using acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon revealed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which was durable until 50 washings [55]. In another study, the preparation of short bamboo fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites with various loadings percentages of chemically modified bamboo fibres was reported [62]. Lee and Wang [70] used lysine-based diisocyanate (LDI) as a coupling agent for polylactic acid/bamboo fibre and poly(butylenes succinate)/bamboo fibre composites which improved their tensile and water resistance properties. In recent years, the development and utilisation of bamboo have attracted particular attention, not only in paper, textile and food industry but also for construction and reinforcing fibres. Ogunwusi and Onwualu [3] reported that feeding chickens on organic diets containing fresh bamboo leaves lead to 70% weight gain more than those do fed on standard organic diets. The multi-functional ranges of bamboo uses have shown that it may prove beneficial as a valuable and sustainable natural resource [76]. Bamboo internodes (the part between 2 nodes) of larger diameter bamboo species such as Guadua angustifolia or Dendrocalamus asper are very well suited to make a bamboo beehive. It can grow in areas that are currently non-productive (e.g. Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo. Two novel bifunctional monomers, namely isocyanatoethyl-methacrylate and N-methylol acrylamide, have been used as the coupling agents to strength the interface of bamboo fibre/unsaturated polyester composites [71, 72]. Activated carbon is employed in the decolourisation of sugar and sweeteners, drinking water treatment, gold recovery, production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, catalytic process, off-gas treatment of waste incinerators, automotive vapour filters, colour/odour correction in wines and fruit juices. They include bamboo (Kumamoto, Japan) with cellulose content of 47%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 28% [9]; bamboo with cellulose 43%, hemicelluloses 15% and lignin 26% [34]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) It is one of the fastest growing plants [8]. In China bamboo fiber has been used to make paper since early times, but in recent years, bamboo has emerged as an important raw material for the pulp and paper industry due to the shortage of wood resources. It has found application in different industrial sectors including civil construction, wood, paper and pulp, textile, electrical and electronics, agriculture and agro-allied, food, chemical and pharmaceutical, reinforcement, automobile and medicine. After treatment with 0.5% sulphuric acid solution for 10min and then being emulsified for 5 days, refined bamboo fibre was obtained. This chapter also examined some investigated chemical modifications through alkali hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, coupling to enhance properties of bamboo fibre for specialised applications. [33] in their studies reported the chemical composition of bamboo fibre as shown in Table 4. In another study, Azzini etal. Bamboo paper has the same quality with paper made from wood. Other bamboo products include bio-methane, flavonoids and functional xylo-oligosaccharides. The comparison of alkaline and acetylating treatments showed that the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-polypropylene composites were improved and adhesion between bamboo fibre and polypropylene matrix was enhanced. Dilute phosphoric acid pre-treatment of bamboo was also studied for producing dissolving pulp for textile utilisation [74]. Of late, research has shown bamboo charcoal as one of the base materials for human health, from water treatment to its uses as a shield from electromagnetic radiation. The use of drainage pipes made of various assorted materials is very common in our markets [101]. Bamboos do not break easily, and its original shape is regained when the load subjected to it is removed. It competes in market of wood without restrictions. According to their morphology, bamboos are broadly divided into monopodial (or running) bamboos with leptomorph rhizome system and sympodial (clumping) bamboos with pachymorph rhizome system. It is an evergreen, monocotyledonous (i.e. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Mayowa Akeem Azeez and Joshua Iseoluwa Orege, Bamboo building or civil construction materials, Bamboo livestock feed and ornamental plant, Bamboo chemicals and pharmaceutical products. British expats are hoping to ease traffic congestion, parking and pollution problems with their new eco-friendly "Bamboo Treecycle" invention which is proving to be a big hit. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Notably, cellulose content decreases with increase in age of bamboo. Bamboo plant is considered medicinal. Various craft products made of bamboo are baskets, tools, handles, hats, traditional toys, mat, flooring material, purses, bags, satchels, tea packaging, floor tiles, general household product, furniture, utensils, musical instruments, etc. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose. The bark is a cure for eruptions [99]. At present, there are about 3000 companies around the world that are engaged in the production of various bamboo-based products [77]. Bamboo is brilliant, just watch the video! Several studies were conducted on physical and mechanical characteristics to test the bamboo as construction material. Others include resins, waxes and inorganic salts. Countries with the largest bamboo resources in the world [15]. [47] in their study, soaked bamboo strips in 4% NaOH for 72h to extract the fibre. Other common species of bamboo used for this purpose are shown in Table 5. Irrigation and drainage pipes, flooring & floor covering, lamination of strip (plywood), decking, bamboo scaffolding and cladding, engineered bamboo flooring products, high-density beams and panels, composite board, particle board, bamboo prefabricated house. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for manytraditional instruments such as a wide variety of flutes, but because of the excellent sound properties of solid bamboo panels it is now also used for making modern guitars. Some materials extracted from bamboo are used in fresh flavour and preservation of food. The increased content of the coupling agents used increased the morphological and mechanical properties of composites. Bamboo polo balls where made and used during most of the 20th century, as they were stronger than wooden balls. When bamboo is laminated and used to produce furniture, it is difficult to differentiate it from wood [75]. Extractives from various parts of the bamboo plant have been used for hair and skin ointment, medicine for asthma, eyewash, potions for lovers and poison for rivals. In China, it is the valuable raw material for the booming bamboo industry. The area covered by bamboo in Africa has been estimated at 1.5 million ha with about 43 species [10, 16]; that of Myanmar has been estimated at 2.2 million ha and that of India estimated between 3 and 20 million ha [17]. The high contents of starch and cellulose, 7085% of the stem, have given bamboo an advantage as an alternative source of alcohol production. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for many traditional instruments. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Maleic anhydride treatment has been reported to improve the mechanical (Modulus of elasticity and flexural modulus) as well as water-resistant properties (water uptake) of bamboo-epoxy composites [60]. This biomass possesses high potential as a substitute for many lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic materials in various capacities of applications owing to its chemical composition as well as its physical properties. The obtained pulp was cooled, filtered and washed, and then further treated with glacial acetic acid. Bamboo is considered an alternative to wood owing to their excellent qualities in physical and mechanical attributes [23]. The advantages of mechanically processed bamboo fabric are its ramie-like feel, its natural antifungal and antimicrobial properties, its quick moisture absorption and drying capabilities, its ability to stay warm in cool weather and cool in warm weather, its ultraviolet protection, and its anti-static nature. In Central America, Bambusa vulgaris poles were used for many years to prop bananas for United Fruit. An HNO3-KClO3 method has also been used to extract fibre from bamboo samples. Percentage of world bamboo resources by continent [14]. Bamboo has been known to find large applications for both food and non-food industries. In Asia, there is a significant production of furniture of bamboo. Recently in another study, a solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid) and organic solvent (95% ethanol)-based lignocellulose fractionation (COSLIF) methods have been developed to pre-treat bamboo [34]. The use of bamboo fibres as a replacement for petroleum-derived fibres can breed the development of eco-friendly products that exert less pressure on the environment. Some chemical and pharmaceutical products are cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea (see Table 5). Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. During this pyrolytic process, bamboo is converted to stable charcoal. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose [78]. A number of researchers have also produced bamboo ethanol and butanol. As many cups as possible can be taken as bamboo tea stimulates metabolism without side effects [3]. The silane coupling treatment has been found to significantly improve the impact fatigue strength of the composites [66]. Bamboo vegetable, bamboo edible shoots, bakery products, diary products, meat and aquatic products, Hardware for electronics, wrist watches, chains, fan blades, Ornamental plants, bamboo livestock feeds, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Many researchers have worked on the physical, mechanical and thermal behaviour (weathering behaviour, % water uptake, % thickness swelling and thermal stability), morphology properties and impact test of bamboo fibres reinforced novolac resin composites prepared using mercerised bamboo fibres. It has been found out that from 4 tons of bamboo nearly 1 ton of pulp is produced which is utilised in different furnishes for production of paper and board [78]. with cellulose 47%, hemicelluloses 16% and lignin 18% [35]; bamboo with cellulose 44%, hemicelluloses 30% and lignin 26% [36]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescensMazel), with cellulose 46%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 26% [37]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with cellulose 41%, hemicelluloses 27% and lignin 27% [38]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 4247%, hemicelluloses 2223% and lignin 2331% [39]; bamboo, with cellulose 38.4%, hemicelluloses 20.5% and lignin 20.8% [40]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 37%, hemicelluloses 22% and lignin 24% [41]; bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF), with cellulose 23%, hemicelluloses 14% and lignin 11% and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL), with cellulose 21%, hemicelluloses 12% and lignin 12% [42].
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