and Privacy Policy. If youre looking to purchase a nozzle for a hose you already have, you may be able to easily determine which threads you have by following these steps: If youre having difficulty determining the thread size, your local fire authorities can tell you which threads are used in your area. These benefits include amount of moving parts. As the amount and pressure of water discharge increases, nozzles become more difficult and more tiresome to control. 5.2.2 The nozzle inspection shall verify the following: same. nozzle, the fixed-gallonage fog nozzle, and the selectable-gallonage fog nozzle, This also dictates the This nozzle tip of the one-piece nozzle cannot be removed. rules of thumb to determine the staffing needs of the nozzle team. A highly dependable spring, connected to the baffle that forms the discharge orifice, is balanced against the water pressure in the nozzle. In If the eductor manufacturer's recommendations for inlet pressure, maximum hose length and size are followed, the automatic nozzle will adjust itself automatically to the rating of the eductor. At QRFS, were happy to help you choose a nozzle thats right for the job. This gives the discharge greater reach and deeper penetration, but its not as effective for ventilating a space or absorbing ambient heat. in emergency services management. 5.2.3 If the nozzle fails the inspection for any reason, it shall be removed from service, repaired and service tested, or replaced. The debris clogging the nozzle As NFPA 1964 divides nozzles into four major types according to whether that nozzle has variable settings for pattern, pressure, or gallonage. The National Fire Protection Association, a leading authority on fire prevention in the United States, has created guidelines for spray nozzles. This decreases the penetration capability of the straight served with the Chesterfield (Virginia) Fire & EMS Department for 26 years. You must enable JavaScript in your browser to view and post comments. and closing of the nozzle. Not Each type of fog nozzle When a two-piece nozzle is being to achieve a straight stream (right) will also decrease the flow rate if the Is there a male coupling, with threads outside, and a female coupling, with threads inside? Beyond his writing for FireRescue1.com and FireChief.com, Avsec authors the blog Talking "Shop" 4 Fire & EMS. This knowledge must extend beyond simply being able to This pressure is gradually increased in 30-second increments until the maximum pressure is reached. automatic nozzle they only know what the flow rate range will be. hoseline can be extended off the nozzle. like the straight stream as it leaves the nozzle. All rights reserved. 50-psi fog nozzle), reduced susceptibility to clogging by debris, and an and the streams produced because they have taken the term combination fog Battalion Chief Robert Avsec (ret.) will be if the pump operator provides the proper nozzle pressure, but with the The smooth bore nozzle provides a clear and operator provides the proper nozzle pressure, the fixed-gallonage fog nozzle (381 mm) in diameter at a distance of 10 ft (3 m) from the nozzle if the nozzles rated discharge is 350 gpm (1325 L/min) or greater. If they cut out half the powder the gun would kick less, be easier to aim, and it wouldn't hit as hard.
selectable-gallonage fog nozzle is similar to the fixed-gallonage fog nozzle in The one-piece nozzle is exactly how it sounds: The entire (305 mm) in diameter at a distance of 10 ft (3 m) from the nozzle if the nozzles rated discharge is less than 350 gpm (1325 L/min), and within a circle 15 in. 
Each sort of nozzle produces a different kind of stream, and these streams have important lifesaving and firefighting properties. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); what you need to know when purchasing or maintaining a fire hose, Click here to shop our selection of nozzles, piping systems used to deliver water throughout multi-story buildings, our blog on common types of threads used in fire protection, 2 1/2 Lexan combination fog nozzle features three settings and can flow up to 150 gallons per minute, Click here to shop our selection of brass, Lexan, and pistol-grip fire hose spray nozzles, #408 Rigid Coupling vs Flexible Coupling: When to Use Each, #407 Fire Sprinkler Flow Switch & Tamper Switch Inspection & Maintenance, #406 ESFR Sprinklers: A Strong Line of Defense in Storage Applications, #405 Guide to OS&Y Valves for Fire Protection Systems, #404 Fire Hose Valve Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Requirements, #61 Fire Sprinkler Head Types: Pendents, Uprights, Sidewalls, and Concealed, #280 Problems with Fire Extinguishers That Cause Them to Fail. Each should open with no less than three pounds of force. Measure the outside diameter of the male thread, including the width of the threads themselves. they have simply been taught the difference between the smooth bore nozzle and target flow rate. pressures for selectable-gallonage fog nozzles are typically either 75 psi or Here are five nozzle questions whose answers you may not know or have forgotten. ability to identify the nozzle type, understand how the nozzle operates, and It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for fire service professionals worldwide. cut have cutouts on the bottom of the ball valves to assist with the opening attack operations, as these handles will not be used during interior fire bore nozzles are the oldest and most basic design of the modern-day nozzles. nozzles range from 50 psi to 100 psi. round ball valve design. As a result, debris can occasionally obstruct automatic nozzles, as it does in the video below. the automatic fog nozzle does not provide a known flow rate at a specific are only two ways to do this: reduce the flow rate or reduce the nozzle So, for a 200-foot pre-connected 1 3/4-inch hose, what pump pressure will be required to flow 150 gpm? If the straw is Take a look at our blog series on standpipe systems. interacts online and researches product purchases Click here to shop our selection of brass, Lexan, and pistol-grip fire hose spray nozzles.
stream in comparison to the solid stream as the smaller water droplets are more will provide a known constant flow rate. When the tip of a two-piece nozzle is
This solution of foam concentrate and water is then mixed with air (aeration) either at the nozzle with aspirating attachments or as the stream pulls air along with it in a non-aspirating application. Copyright 2022 FireRescue1. The automatic nozzle uses a principle very similar to that of a pumper relief valve. To ensure that nozzles wont break under pressure, hydrostatic pressure tests are conducted. Either way, knowing your nozzle gives you an edge over your enemy in a fire attack. must make sure to grasp only the stream selection of the nozzle and not the Click here to shop our selection of nozzles. nozzles is the garden hose. For example, a nozzle may deliver 60 GPM at 100 PSI, and 50 GPM at 110 PSI. If so, look for lettering on the female coupling.
of the gallonage selector. hose with an additional nozzle to the tip of the original nozzle. the fog nozzle. Or consider an example that comes closer to home: how many people wish for a shower with less pressure and how many would think that a shower with less pressure does a better job of getting the soap off? understand the operational capabilities of the nozzle. The required pump pressure will vary depending on the friction loss produced, the amount of flow desired, and the length and size of the hose lay. A fire needs three elements to ignite: fuel, heat, and oxygen. hose. Threading standards vary from place to place.
include the following: The Therefore, if the common 150-gpm nozzle is Some firefighters lack the There different nozzle pressures, not to provide a constant flow rate. produced by different nozzles. is to reduce nozzle reaction forces to produce more manageable hoselines. On the other hand, a manual nozzle with fewer features may pass debris more easily. of both the 1.5-inch nozzle and the 2.5-inch nozzle. These standards, written in NFPA 1964: Standard for Spray Nozzles, determine how nozzles are constructed, including how narrow or how straight streams must be. pressure. There are three ball He is a graduate of the Alabama Smoke Diver course. One of the greatest problems with this debate is that in many operates differently. nozzles are as follows: The nozzle consists of the shutoff and the nozzle tip. 3.3.18.4* Constant/Select Gallonage Spray Nozzle. This turbulence decreases the quality of the The nozzle needs a thread connection of a compatible size and type.
cannot extend the hoseline off the nozzle because you cannot remove the tip. Automatic nozzles rely on valves and springs to regulate the size and shape of the water. defensive fire attack operations. Solid streams are produced by smooth bore nozzles. sizes and their associated flow rates: The the difference between these streams by looking at a straw. nozzle tip from the shutoff provides additional operational capability to
Questions about fire hose nozzles? Understanding how each type of nozzle operates allows But theres more to fighting fires than spraying as much water as quickly as possible. Below are some of the most commonly used smooth bore nozzle tip They are also the cheapest to purchase. of force. rate is that the flow rate range is not minimal. All rights reserved. nozzle design characteristic is whether the nozzle is of the one-piece or two-piece used, the removable nozzle tip can be removed. 4.2.1 Spray nozzles shall be capable of developing discharge patterns varying from straight stream to at least 100 degrees spray angle. Some of the common fixed gallonage There are two possible results when the conventional nozzle is not supplied with the rated or selected flow. 
nozzle from the hoseline to add additional lengths of hose or to stretch
extinguishment. misunderstanding by many firefighters of the operation of todays fog nozzles You All rights reserved. The only option is to shut down the water supply to the nozzle and remove the But its the nozzles at the end of each fire hose that make it possible for firefighters to safely and thoroughly extinguish a blaze. The minimum flow rate for interior structural firefighting has solid stream of water it is a hollow stream of water. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, Research into Firefighter Behavior & Beliefs, Individual Access - Free COVID-19 Courses, Open the tools menu in your browser. 3.3.18.3* Constant Pressure (Automatic) Spray Nozzle. Smooth bore nozzles offer multiple The issue with the reaction determines the manageability of the hoseline. If this article helped you find a solution, check us out at Facebook.com/QuickResponseFireSupply or on Twitter @QuickResponseFS. This is 
from debris of all nozzles. smooth bore tip so that when the tip is removed, the nozzle can still produce a This does not happen with the solid The water supplied by standpipespiping systems used to deliver water throughout multi-story buildingsmay contain rust, trash, or other objects. Another issue Which bores through the wood char to get to deep-seated heat? An adjustable-pattern spray nozzle that discharges at a constant discharge rate throughout the range of patterns from a straight stream to a wide spray at a designated nozzle pressure. This misunderstanding is that the One
Is that what the police want for their weapons? Lexipol.
Unlike the smooth bore Request product info from top Fire Nozzles companies. Enter https://www.firerescue1.com/ and click OK. Anthony Rowett Jr. is a captain with the Mobile (AL) Fire Rescue Department.
It is because of this
that if the pump operator provides the proper nozzle pressure, the nozzle will similar manner to a smooth bore nozzle. all nozzles have the same ball valve design inside the nozzle. nozzle is to be able to identify which type of nozzle is being used. firefighters to be 60 lbs., 75 lbs., and 95 lbs., respectively. These requirements ensure that the nozzle can withstand a variety of impacts and still remain largely intact. Certain guidelines, however, must be followed. of the longest lasting debates in the American fire service is the smooth bore These nozzles But because an under or over-pressurized water supply may diminish the streams efficacy, only limited changes can be made. misunderstanding of the automatic nozzles. Copyright 2022 The chemical reaction between these vapors and nearby oxygen creates fire. stream to wide fog stream. article, only the term fog has been used to describe todays modern fog nozzles water is allowed to run freely out of the tip of the hose, the stream of water
nozzle to mean that todays fog nozzles are a combination of smooth bore areas of todays fire service, it has resulted in firefighters knowledge of remaining debris in the nozzle. One includes smooth bore nozzles, fixed-gallonage fog nozzles, selectable-gallonage and suppliers. in fire science, and an M.S. Make a comparison to the trend of law enforcement in the United States. Those advocating for reducing the fog nozzle pressure typically would reduce the required nozzle pressure downward from 100 psi to 75 psi. term combination fog nozzle is not the term itself but that there is a Another He is a 2001 graduate of the National Fire Academy's EFO Program. That force, called nozzle reaction, can make extinguishing a fire tricky. This is true typically spans more than 100 gpm. Cracked rubber-covered handles can cause accidents and should be replaced. Automatic nozzles greatly simplify pump operation. As professionals, firefighters must also Since automatic nozzles are designed to operate at 100 psi nozzle pressure, this becomes the minimum starting point for any operation.
The answer: PDP = 100 + (2 x 28); PDP = 100 + 56; PDP = 156. Friction loss in 1 3/4-inch hose for 150 gpm is about 28 psi per 100 feet of hose. smooth bore nozzle, the stream produced is a solid tube of water. Visualize pressure of 50 pounds per square inch (psi) when they are being used on If debris enters the nozzle, NFPA 1964 also establishes the durability range for the nozzles components, including the ability to withstand high water pressures and high and low temperatures. It then moves the baffle in or out to maintain a particular tip size necessary to keep the nozzle pressure at 100 psi. will have minimal reach, as it will only extend slightly past the tip of the If the nozzle leaks anywhere other than the orifice, the pressure test is failed. straight stream to wide fog stream. The solid stream is The problem that this creates is that these firefighters cannot fixed-gallonage fog nozzle is the fog nozzle design that operates in the most 4.9.3 All nozzle functions such as pattern selection, flush, flow rate adjustment, and shutoff shall operate as described in Section 4.3. This test requires that the nozzles adjustments and controls still work immediately after the test concludes. Straight streams discharge water in the shape of a column. The fact that there Heat adds energy to the fuel, causing the atoms inside it to vibrate.
identify which type of fog nozzle is being used. automatic nozzle will automatically adjust to provide a constant flow rate at This is If the flow is kept constant, the reaction reduction from a 25 percent cut in nozzle pressure is 13 percent. Water molecules cant vibrate quickly unless the hydrogen bondsthe H2 in H2Obreak, and that takes a lot of energy. The If a one-piece fog nozzle is being used, the only option to overcome this straw is filled with water but with a straight stream the straw itself would be Understanding how and why nozzles work better prepares firefighters to make quick, effective knock downs.
different nozzle pressures.
switching from high-pressure fog nozzles (100 psi) to smooth bore nozzles or The the two streams leave their respective nozzles, the straight stream produced by Fog nozzles produce a cone-shaped stream of small water droplets. You can use these (1) The waterway is clear of obstructions. handlines. Whether theyre spraying in a straight-stream or a fog stream pattern, these nozzles maintain a fairly constant GPM. Foam-making is simply the addition of a proper amount of foam concentrate to water. filled with fluid, it is similar to a solid stream in that the inside of the firefighters to overcome problems that are encountered during the hoseline Another variable associated with this nozzle is the direction (2) There is no damage to the tip. This is not how the automatic nozzle worksit To flow 150 gpm in this scenario, a pump discharge pressure of 156 psi is required. works to automatically adjust to provide a content stream appearance (reach) at Already know what youre looking for? Each nozzle has an expected, or rated, gallonage at a rated pressure. The nozzle on the end of a fire hose is one of the most important pieces of equipment that a firefighter has at their disposal when combating a hostile fire. In this installment, well look at the basic types of nozzles, what you need to know about their reliability and usefulness, and how you can keep them functioning well. The pressure-control spring senses any increase or decrease in pressure within the nozzle. fog stream and the firefighter adjusts the stream back to a straight stream, he nozzles and fog nozzles and that the straight stream of todays fog nozzles is Which splashes more when it hits? At 50 PSI, a smooth-bore nozzle with a 15/16-inch diameter pushes against the nozzle operator with 68 pounds of force. increased capability to produce an adequate flow rate during low-pressure Select the option or tab named Internet Options (Internet Explorer), Options (Firefox), Preferences (Safari) or Settings (Chrome). As the threat to police officers goes up, are they going to smaller guns with fewer bullets in the clip? stream produced by the smooth bore nozzle because this stream is not hollow Another Constant pressure nozzles, on the other hand, help to guarantee the reach of a stream with a self-adjusting component designed to keep water pressure steady. especially important when smooth bore nozzles are used. nozzle is that while the nozzle will provide a known flow rate, the flow rate Will the stream penetrate burning materials? A constant discharge rate spray nozzle with a feature that allows manual adjustment of the orifice to effect a predetermined discharge rate while the nozzle is flowing. If a garden hose with no nozzle is turned on and
Some examples of common selectable gallonage nozzles Conventional fog nozzles have a fixed or selectable gpm setting. While every nozzle has some debris-flushing capacity, the smooth bores internal simplicity allows debris to pass more easily.
Each nozzle connects to a hose by threads or couplingsbut not every hose has the same threads. knowledge of the different types of nozzles that fall into the fog nozzle stream appearance (reach) regardless of flow. Nozzle Knowledge Is More Than Just Smooth Bore or Fog, Tactical Considerations for Volunteer Fire Departments, Lebanon Junction (KY) Firefighters Walk Out as City Tries to Cut Training Requirements, Six Firefighters Burned in CT Training Mishap; Investigation Underway, Six Los Angeles (CA) Inmate Firefighters Burned in Flash Fire in Fire Truck, Old School vs. New School: The Generational Divide, Sprinkler System Types and Impact on Building Fires, Five Things To Do BEFORE the First Five Minutes, 30-Car Pileup Involving Tractor Trailers and Bus Snarled I-81 in PA, Exploding Liquid Oxygen Tanks Shut Down Seattle (WA) Highways, Tampa (FL) Firefighters Win Raises; 18.5% Over Three Years. NFPA 1964 also specifies that lever-type controls may take as much as 16 pounds of force to depress, and rotational-type controls up to 40 pounds of force to rotate. An adjustable-pattern spray nozzle in which the rated discharge is delivered at a designated nozzle pressure and nozzle setting. removed, 1.5-inch been established to be 150 gpm. The nozzle should then be rinsed in water. rate at a set nozzle pressure. For firefighting, more gallons of water available means more extinguishing agent to cool the fires fuel. 3.3.18.2* Constant Gallonage Spray Nozzle. The late Lieutenant Andrew Fredericks of the If the stream pattern is accidentally rotated to a will be inside the nozzle. An adjustable-pattern spray nozzle in which the pressure remains relatively constant through a range of discharge rates. the fog nozzle are smaller than those produced by the solid stream of the The ability to remove the Smooth bore nozzles are different than adjustable or automatic nozzles in that they dont have any internal parts to control gallonage or pressure. These pressures reduce nozzle reaction while still ensuring that an adequate supply of water is available to extinguish the flames. Nozzle pressure is directly related to the velocity of the stream. greater reach and penetration, less nozzle reaction (except when compared to a Each is constructed from impact and corrosion-resistant Lexan or brass, and available with handles, a pistol grip, or an impact-reducing bumper. All of these considerations and more may weigh in favor of a particular nozzle for a particular use. as it passes though the nozzle. Connect with Avsec on LinkedIn orvia email. firefighter, especially those assigned to engine companies, must have knowledge It works out this way: a 200 gpm stream at 100 psi has 101 pounds of reaction; cutting the nozzle pressure to 75 psi reduces the reaction to 88 pounds. This nozzle provides a constant flow Nozzles with a fixed-size or manually-adjusted opening may be particularly sensitive to changes in flow. (breakaway) design. His article, which includes the NFPAs recommendations on nozzle choice, is available here. The full round FireRescue1 is revolutionizing the way the fire service community He is also a co-host of the Generation Engine podcast on Fire Engineering Blog Talk Radio. Like all fog nozzles, the fixed-gallonage As you have probably noticed throughout this nozzle firefighter must ensure the proper gallonage selection to achieve the staffing needs of the hoseline. of their nozzles. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. low-pressure fog nozzle (50-75 psi).
Maintenance, on the other hand, is covered by NFPA 1962: Standard for the Care, Use, Inspection, Service Testing, and Replacement of Fire Hose, Couplings, Nozzles, and Fire Hose Appliances. Which one goes farther? He has served as a lead H.O.T engine company operations instructor. All nozzle is one piece from the inlet coupling to the tip of the nozzle. Due to the unobstructed path through the As such, its critical that each nozzle be easy to activate, deactivate, and adjust. Depending on the kind of foam used, the foam system, and the situation, some nozzles may work far better than others. A These nozzles meet or exceed NFPA standards. will see this if you view a solid stream and a straight stream side by side.
stream pattern. Understanding the nozzle involves more than knowing if a push or a pull opens the bale and if a left or right twist delivers a straight stream. By submitting your information, you agree to be contacted by the selected vendor(s) quality stream without the tip. Some two-piece nozzles have an integrated Each time the nozzle is used, it must also be washed, tested, and lubricated. Because a basic spray nozzle operates at a designated pressure and gallonage, nozzle reaction can only be reduced by changing the supply.
The fuel can be anything flammable, like firewood or gasoline. For this reason, many fire departments use nozzles rated at pressures of 50 or 75 PSI. This may be called Tools or use an icon like the cog. Higher pressures can make a nozzle difficult to control. second benefit of the two-piece nozzle is the ability to extend a hoseline off The NFPA uses these categories to decide whats acceptable for each nozzle in terms of pressure and gallonage. These droplets can more easily be converted into steam, which takes heat from the surrounding air and can even be used to push hot air out of a room. attack operations, they are to assist with the handling of the nozzle during If a short stretch occurs and you are using a one-piece nozzle, you Instead, the flow rate range The nozzle should be lubricated in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. The leakage shall not increase by more than 10 percent from that allowed before the test. Nozzle pressures for fixed gallonage Fire departments need to ask if this is really what they want for their primary weapon. At least one study has suggested that nozzle reaction should be limited to 60 pounds of force for a single firefighter and 75 pounds of force for a team of two. As a result, dousing a fire with water can take away much of the fuels heat, interrupting the chemical reaction that sustains it. an additional variable over the fixed-gallonage and smooth bore nozzles as the For the given example, instead of a stream speeding through the fire's super-heated gases at 80 mph, it goes through at 60 mph. nozzles are as follows: All He was previously a firefighter with the Ogdensburg (NJ) Fire Department. operational benefits over their fog nozzle counterpart. (6) The thread gasket is in good condition in accordance with Section 7.2. being used, reducing the flow rate is not an option. are multiple types of fog nozzles is a foreign concept to some firefighters as The important thing to note here is important aspect of understanding nozzles is the difference between the streams National Standard Thread or National Pipe Straight Hose threads are in stock. Chief Avsec earned his bachelors degree from the University of Cincinnati and his masters degree in executive fire service leadership from Grand Canyon University. When using smooth bore nozzles, I recommend the full Call us at+1 (888) 361-6662 or email[emailprotected]. This article, originally published on Oct. 28, 2015, has been updated.
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