[52] In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope or peep-hole viewer. "[143] In the same article, he expounded upon the absurdity of a monetary system in which the taxpayer of the United States, in need of a loan, can be compelled to pay in return perhaps double the principal, or even greater sums, due to interest. The Edison statue replaced one of 19th-century state governor William Allen that had been one of Ohio's two allowed contributions to the collection.[169]. [116] A plaster death mask and casts of Edison's hands were also made. General Electric now controlled three-quarters of the US electrical business and would compete with Westinghouse for the AC market. Britain also blockaded supplies from Germany. "[89] Nonetheless, his work was important in the development of a technology still used today. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. ", "Thomas Edison's First Wife May Have Died of a Morphine Overdose", "LOST IN HISTORY: Thomas A. Edison, Junior", "Theosophical Society Members 18751942 Historical membership list of the Theosophical Society (Adyar) 18751942", "Edison's Forgotten 'Invention': A Phone That Calls the Dead", "Edison Comes Out Unqalifiedly for Suffrage", "Edison, Harvey, Hughes and Other Leading Men Refute Senator Martine", Innovate Like Edison: The Success System of America's Greatest Inventor, "Vegetarianism Quotes from Noteworthy People", "Review: Thomas Edison's life of ceaseless action", "Franklin Laureate Database Edward Longstreth Medal 1899 Laureates", "Proclamation 5013 National Inventors' Day, 1983", "The History & Technology of the Edison Bridge & Driscoll Bridge over the Raritan River, New Jersey", "5533.18 Thomas A. Edison memorial bridge", "Thomas Edison National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "Thomas Edison statue dedicated in U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall", "Nikola Tesla Wasn't God and Thomas Edison Wasn't the Devil", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Menlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower, Edison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum, Edison's patent application for the light bulb, "The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories", Thomas Edison Personal Manuscripts and Letters, Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe, Global telecommunications regulation bodies, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Components Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Certified Software Development Professional, Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&oldid=1100596227, American film production company founders, Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees, Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Members of the American Philosophical Society, Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses, Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Marion Estelle Edison (18731965), nicknamed "Dot", Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (18761935), nicknamed "Dash". [1][2][3] He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. This appears to have been his only enrollment in courses at an institution of higher learning. Edison used the carbon microphone concept in 1877 to create an improved telephone for Western Union. [38] Edison's name is registered on 1,093 patents. Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results. He sold his surplus to Bayer, who had it converted to salicylic acid by Heyden, some of which was exported. Electrical transmission for this service was by means of an overhead catenary system using direct current, which Edison had championed.
As the film business expanded, competing exhibitors routinely copied and exhibited each other's films. [123] She was the daughter of the inventor Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua Institution, and a benefactor of Methodist charities. Ford once worked as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company of Detroit and met Edison at a convention of affiliated Edison illuminating companies in Brooklyn, NY in 1896.
Ultimately, his entrepreneurship was central to the formation of some 14 companies, including General Electric, still one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world. [92], Edison was granted a patent for a motion picture camera, labeled the "Kinetograph". In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acres (5.5 hectares) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the National Park Service as the Edison National Historic Site, as is his nearby laboratory and workshops including the reconstructed "Black Maria"the world's first movie studio. It was built in Menlo Park, a part of Raritan Township (now named Edison Township in his honor) in Middlesex County, New Jersey, with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph. [99], Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. [110], This fleet of cars would serve commuters in northern New Jersey for the next 54 years until their retirement in 1984.
Mount Edison in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named after him in 1955.[162]. [106] He built two plants with a capacity of six tons of phenol per day. January 1, 2012. pg 17, Ahmad Faruqui, Kelly Eakin, Pricing in Competitive Electricity Markets, Springer Science & Business Media 2000, p. 67, Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To Electrify The World, Random House 2004, pp. Latimer holds the patent for the electric lamp issued in 1881, and a second patent for the "process of manufacturing carbons" (the filament used in incandescent light bulbs), issued in 1882. Edison did the majority of the research and planting, sending results and sample rubber residues to his West Orange Lab. Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when wealthy American businessman Irving T. Bush (18691948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus a dozen machines. "[139][140] He was a vegetarian[141] but not a vegan in actual practice, at least near the end of his life. Until Edison discovered that calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens originally used by Wilhelm Rntgen, the technology was capable of producing only very faint images. Despite its limited sound quality and that the recordings could be played only a few times, the phonograph made Edison a celebrity. "[134] In 1920, Edison set off a media sensation when he told B. C. Forbes of American Magazine that he was working on a "spirit phone" to allow communication with the dead, a story which other newspapers and magazines repeated. [52]:217218 In his first attempts to solve these problems, Edison tried using a filament made of cardboard, carbonized with compressed lampblack. 10421044, "Living With a Genius", condensed from The American Magazine February 1930, "Edison Wears Silk Nightshirt, Hates Talkies, Writes Wife", Capital Times, October 30, 1930, David John Cole, Eve Browning, Eve Browning Cole, Fred E. H. Schroeder, Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, pages 45-46, Seth Fletcher, Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, May 10, 2011, pages 14-16. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey. Edison was one of many inventors working on the problem of creating a usable microphone for telephony by having it modulate an electrical current passed through it. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson. One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey, home, while Edison worked for Samuel Laws at the Gold Indicator Company. Edison's work on rubber took place largely at his research laboratory in Fort Myers, which has been designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark. In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Edward Elgar Publishing. [55], In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan, Spencer Trask,[56] and the members of the Vanderbilt family. [132] In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated: Nature is what we know.
If God made methe fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, loveHe also made the fish I catch and eat. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. He has got a new thing and it will require a great deal of experimenting to get it working practically. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. [91], The key to Edison's initial reputation and success was his work in the field of telegraphy. [21] He became a telegraph operator after he saved 3-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Thomas Edison's staunch anti-AC tactics were not sitting well with his own stockholders. We do not know the gods of religions. Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio. Edison is also portrayed in popular culture as an adversary of Nikola Tesla. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. (See Great Phenol plot.) [171] In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, started working for Edison and began his duties as a laboratory assistant in December 1879. He was ardently opposed to the gold standard and debt-based money. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented in describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds. The situation became so bad that Thomas Sr. had to take his son to court to stop the practices, finally agreeing to pay Thomas Jr. an allowance of $35 (equivalent to $1,056 in 2021)[30] per week, in exchange for not using the Edison name; the son began using aliases, such as Burton Willard. Adrian Hope, 100 Years of Microphone, New Scientist May 11, 1978 Vol. [82], The laboratory was built after Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone pulled together $75,000 to form the Edison Botanical Research Corporation. [14] As a child, he became fascinated with technology and spent hours working on experiments at home. [49] In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficient light bulb using a coiled platinum filament but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success. [138], Nonviolence was key to Edison's political and moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for World War I, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Arcadia Publishing. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing thingsbig thingsfor the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks. A telling of the phenol story is found in The Aspirin Wars. Modern-day historians and medical professionals have suggested he may have had ADHD. This, together with his studies in chemistry at the Cooper Union, allowed him to make his early fortune with the stock ticker, the first electricity-based broadcast system. With 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as patents in other countries, Edison is regarded as the most prolific inventor in American history. The incandescent light bulb patented by Edison also began to gain widespread popularity in Europe as well. [158], Three bridges around the United States have been named in Edison's honor: the Edison Bridge in New Jersey,[159] the Edison Bridge in Florida,[160] and the Edison Bridge in Ohio.[161]. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. A bronze statue of Edison was placed in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol in 2016, with the formal dedication ceremony held on September 20 of that year. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. [157], Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Hotel Edison in New York City when it opened in 1931. The Edison's Kintoscope Franais, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. [127][128], Wanting to be an inventor, but not having much of an aptitude for it, Thomas Edison's son, Thomas Alva Edison Jr., became a problem for his father and his father's business. [80], Due to the security concerns around World War I, Edison suggested forming a science and industry committee to provide advice and research to the US military, and he headed the Naval Consulting Board in 1915. [28] Finding little demand for the machine, Edison moved to New York City shortly thereafter. It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts". There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. On September 4, 1882, Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.[69]. The dust was then sent between three giant magnets that would pull the iron ore from the dust. [122], Edison generally preferred spending time in the laboratory to being with his family.[39]. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics. In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison Award after him. [52], He also stated, "I do not believe in the God of the theologians; but that there is a Supreme Intelligence I do not doubt. Edison said his favorite movie was The Birth of a Nation. Edison also appeared to have been worried about the high voltage from misinstalled AC systems killing customers and hurting the sales of electric power systems in general. [166] The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the St. Clair River.
By the early 1890s, Edison's company was generating much smaller profits than its AC rivals, and the War of Currents would come to an end in 1892 with Edison forced out of controlling his own company. He also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job. His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903. Mahen Theatre in Brno (in what is now the Czech Republic), opened in 1882, and was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. [32] Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. As Edison expanded his direct current (DC) power delivery system, he received stiff competition from companies installing alternating current (AC) systems. They also had three children together: Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947. In 1898, he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.[96]. [88], In 1903, a shaken Edison said: "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them. [13], Edison was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, who used to be a school teacher. [83] After testing 17,000 plant samples, he eventually found an adequate source in the Goldenrod plant. [16] As he was completely deaf in one ear and barely hearing in the other, it is alleged[17] that Edison would listen to a music player or piano by clamping his teeth into the wood to absorb the sound waves into his skull. During a publicity tour that he took with friend and fellow inventor, Henry Ford, he spoke publicly about his desire for monetary reform. [154] There are numerous high schools named after Edison (see Edison High School) and other schools including Thomas A. Edison Middle School. Edison responded by undertaking production of phenol at his Silver Lake facility using processes developed by his chemists. Edison's major innovation was the establishment of an industrial research lab in 1876. In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements.
Thomas Edison was born in 1847 in Milan, Ohio, but grew up in Port Huron, Michigan, after the family moved there in 1854. It is said that German companies bought up supplies of phenol to block production of ammonium picrate. The materials were then shipped down by boat and were constructed at a cost of $12,000 each, which included the cost of interior furnishings. [103] The then available lead acid rechargeable batteries were not very efficient and that market was already tied up by other companies so Edison pursued using alkaline instead of acid.
The small town of Alva just east of Fort Myers took Edison's middle name. The award is an annual Dutch music prize, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry, and is one of the oldest music awards in the world, having been presented since 1960. Most of the work was completed in May 1880, and the Columbia went to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed Columbia's new lighting system. On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles. [70] Edison's DC empire suffered from one of its chief drawbacks: it was suitable only for the high density of customers found in large cities. The representatives decided to give a cubic foot of solid copper weighing 486 pounds with their gratitude inscribed on it in appreciation for his part in the "continuous stimulation in the copper industry".[85][86][87]. Edison was legally credited with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. Reader's Digest, March 1930, pp. This type was put in use in 1890[46] and was used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s.
On February 24, 1886, at the age of 39, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (18651947) in Akron, Ohio. The development of the electric chair was used in an attempt to portray AC as having a greater lethal potential than DC and smear Westinghouse at the same time via Edison colluding with Brown and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, to make sure the first electric chair was powered by a Westinghouse AC generator. Edison expressed views that AC was unworkable and the high voltages used were dangerous.
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